(1) Tekst Dodatnog protokola između Republike Srbije i Međunarodne agencije za atomsku energiju uz Sporazum između Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije i Međunarodne agencije za atomsku energiju o primeni garantija u vezi sa Ugovorom o neširenju nuklearnog oružja, u originalu na engleskom jeziku i u prevodu na srpski jezik, glasi:
(2) PROTOCOL BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA AND THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY ADDITIONAL TO THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA AND THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY FOR THE APPLICATION OF SAFEGUARDS IN CONNECTION WITH THE TREATY ON THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
(3) WHEREAS the Republic of Serbia (hereinafter referred to as ”Serbia”) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (hereinafter referred to as the ”Agency”) are parties to an Agreement for the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (hereinafter referred to as the ”Safeguards Agreement”), which entered into force on 28 December 1973;
(4) AWARE OF the desire of the international community to further enhance nuclear I non-proliferation by strengthening the effectiveness and improving the efficiency of the Agency’s safeguards system;
(5) RECALLING that the Agency must take into account in the implementation of i safeguards the need to: avoid hampering the economic and technological development of Serbia or international co-operation in the field of peaceful nuclear activities; respect health, safety, physical protection and other security provisions in force and the rights of individuals; and take every precaution to protect commercial, technological and industrial secrets as well as other confidential information coming to its knowledge;
(6) WHEREAS the frequency and intensity of activities described in this Protocol shall be kept to the minimum consistent with the objective of strengthening the effectiveness and improving the efficiency of Agency safeguards;
(7) NOW THEREFORE Serbia and the Agency have agreed as follows:
(8) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PROTOCOL AND THE SAFEGUARDS AGREEMENT
(9) Article 1
(10) The provisions of the Safeguards Agreement shall apply to this Protocol to the extent that they are relevant to and compatible with the provisions of this Protocol. In case of conflict between the provisions of the Safeguards Agreement and those of this Protocol, the provisions of this Protocol shall apply.
(11) PROVISION OF INFORMATION
(12) Article 2
(13) a. Serbia shall provide the Agency with a declaration containin
(14) (i) A general description of and information specifying the location of nuclear fuel cycle-related research and development activities not involving nuclear material carried out anywhere that are funded, specifically authorized or controlled by, or carried out on behalf of, Serbia.
(15) (ii) Information identified by the Agency on the basis of expected gains in effectiveness or efficiency, and agreed to by Serbia, on operational activities of safeguards relevance at facilities and at locations outside facilities where nuclear material is customarily used.
(16) (iii) A general description of each building on each site, including its use and, if not apparent from that description, its contents. The description shall include a map of the site.
(17) (iv) A description of the scale of operations for each location engaged in the activities specified in Annex I to this Protocol.
(18) (v) Information specifying the location, operational status and the estimated annual production capacity of uranium mines and concentration plants and thorium concentration plants, and the current annual production of such mines and concentration plants for Serbia as a whole. Serbia shall provide, upon request by the Agency, the current annual production of an individual mine or concentration plant. The provision of this information does not require detailed nuclear material accountancy.
(19) (vi) Information regarding source material which has not reached the composition and purity suitable for fuel fabrication or for being isotopically enriched, as follows:
(20) (a) The quantities, the chemical composition, the use or intended use of such material, whether in nuclear or non-nuclear use, for each location in Serbia at which the material is present in quantities exceeding ten metric tons of uranium and/or twenty metric tons of thorium, and for other locations with quantities of more than one metric ton, the aggregate for Serbia as a whole if the aggregate exceeds ten metric tons of uranium or twenty metric tons of thorium. The provision of this information does not require detailed nuclear material accountancy;
(21) (b) The quantities, the chemical composition and the destination of each export out of Serbia, of such material for specifically non-nuclear purposes in quantities exceeding:
(1) Ten metric tons of uranium, or for successive exports of uranium from Serbia to the same State, each of less than ten metric tons, but exceeding a total of ten metric tons for the year;
(2) Twenty metric tons of thorium, or for successive exports of thorium from Serbia to the same State, each of less than twenty metric tons, but exceeding a total of twenty metric tons for the year;
(24) (c) The quantities, chemical composition, current location and use or intended use of each import into Serbia of such material for specifically non-nuclear purposes in quantities exceeding:
(1) Ten metric tons of uranium, or for successive imports of uranium into Serbia each of less than ten metric tons, but exceeding a total of ten metric tons for the year;
(2) Twenty metric tons of thorium, or for successive imports of thorium into Serbia each of less than twenty metric tons, but exceeding a total of twenty metric tons for the year;
(27) it being understood that there is no requirement to provide information on such material intended for a non-nuclear use once it is in its non-nuclear end-use form.
(28) (vii)(a) Information regarding the quantities, uses and locations of nuclear material exempted from safeguards pursuant to Article 37 of the Safeguards Agreement;
(29) (b) Information regarding the quantities (which may be in the form of estimates) and uses at each location, of nuclear material exempted from safeguards pursuant to Article 36(b) of the Safeguards Agreement but not yet in a non-nuclear end-use form, in quantities exceeding those set out in Article 37 of the Safeguards Agreement. The provision of this information does not require detailed nuclear material accountancy.
(30) (viii) Information regarding the location or further processing of intermediate or high-level waste containing plutonium, high enriched uranium or uraniinn-233 on which safeguards have been terminated pursuant to Article 11 of the Safeguards Agreement. For the purpose of this paragraph, ”further processing” does not include repackaging of the waste or its further conditioning not involving the separation of elements, for storage or disposal.
(31) (ix) The following information regarding specified equipment and non-nuclear material listed in Annex II:
(32) (a) For each export out of Serbia of such equipment and material: the identity, quantity, location of intended use in the receiving State and date or, as appropriate, expected date, of export;
(33) (b) Upon specific request by the Agency, confirmation by Serbia, as importing State, of information provided to the Agency by another State concerning the export of such equipment and material to Serbia.
(34) (x) General plans for the succeeding ten-year period relevant to the development of the nuclear fuel cycle (including planned nuclear fuel cycle-related research and development activities) when approved by the appropriate authorities in Serbia.
(35) b. Serbia shall make every reasonable effort to provide the Agency with the following information:
(36) (i) A general description of and information specifying the location of nuclear fuel cycle-related research and development activities not involving nuclear material which are specifically related to enrichment, reprocessing of nuclear fuel or the processing of intermediate or high-level waste containing plutonium, high enriched uranium or uranium-233 that are carried out anywhere in Serbia but which are not funded, specifically authorized or controlled by, or carried out on behalf of, Serbia. For the purpose of this paragraph, ”processing” of intermediate or high-level waste does not include repackaging of the waste or its conditioning not involving the separation of elements, for storage or disposal.
(37) (ii) A general description of activities and the identity of the person or entity carrying out such activities, at locations identified by the Agency outside a site which the Agency considers might be functionally related to the activities of that site. The provision of this information is subject to a specific request by the Agency. It shall be provided in consultation with the Agency and in a timely fashion.
(38) c. Upon request by the Agency, Serbia shall provide amplifications or clarifications of any information it has provided under this Article, in so far as relevant for the purpose of safeguards.
(39) Article 3
(40) a. Serbia shall provide to the Agency the information identified in Article 2.a.(i), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)(a), (vii) and (x) and Article 2.b.(i) within 180 days of the entry into force of this Protocol.
(41) b. Serbia shall provide to the Agency, by 15 May of each year, updates of the information referred to in paragraph a. above for the period covering the previous calendar year. If there has been no change to the information previously provided, Serbia shall so indicate.
(42) c. Serbia shall provide to the Agency, by 15 May of each year, the information identified in Article 2.a.(vi)(b) and (c) for the period covering the previous calendar year.
(43) d. Serbia shall provide to the Agency on a quarterly basis the information identified in Article 2.a.(ix)(a). This information shall be provided within sixty days of the end of each quarter.
(44) e. Serbia shall provide to the Agency the information identified in Article 2.a.(viii) 180 days before further processing is carried out and, by 15 May of each year, information on changes in location for the period covering the previous calendar year.
(45) f. Serbia and the Agency shall agree on the timing and frequency of the provision of the information identified in Article 2.a.(ii).
(46) g. Serbia shall provide to the Agency the information in Article 2.a.(ix)(b) within sixty days of the Agency’s request.
(47) COMPLEMENTARY ACCESS
(48) Article 4
(49) The following shall apply in connection with the implementation of complementary access under Article 5 of this Protocol:
(50) a. The Agency shall not mechanistically or systematically seek to verify the information referred to in Article 2; however, the Agency shall have access to:
(51) (i) Any location referred to in Article 5.a.(i) or (ii) on a selective basis in order to assure the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities;
(52) (ii) Any location referred to in Article 5.b. or c. to resolve a question relating to the correctness and completeness of the information provided pursuant to Article 2 or to resolve an inconsistency relating to that information;
(53) (iii) Any location referred to in Article 5.a.(iii) to the extent necessary for the Agency to confirm, for safeguards purposes, Serbia’s declaration of the decommissioned status of a facility or of a location outside facilities where nuclear material was customarily used.
(54) b. (i) Except as provided in paragraph (ii) below, the Agency shall give Serbia advance notice of access of at least 24 hours;
(55) (ii) For access to any place on a site that is sought in conjunction with design information verification visits or ad hoc or routine inspections on that site, the period of advance notice shall, if the Agency so requests, be at least two hours but, in exceptional circumstances, it may be less than two hours.
(56) c. Advance notice shall be in writing and shall specify the reasons for access and the activities to be carried out during such access.
(57) d. In the case of a question or inconsistency, the Agency shall provide Serbia with an opportunity to clarify and facilitate the resolution of the question or inconsistency. Such an opportunity will be provided before a request for access, unless the Agency considers that delay in access would prejudice the purpose for which the access is sought. In any event, the Agency shall not draw any conclusions about the question or inconsistency until Serbia has been provided with such an opportunity.
(58) e. Unless otherwise agreed to by Serbia, access shall only take place during regular working hours.
(59) f. Serbia shall have the right to have Agency inspectors accompanied during their access by representatives of Serbia, provided that the inspectors shall not thereby be delayed or otherwise impeded in the exercise of their functions.
(60) Article 5
(61) Serbia shall provide the Agency with access to
(62) a. (i) Any place on a site;
(63) (ii) Any location identified by Serbia under Article 2.a. (v)-(viii);
(64) (iii) Any decommissioned facility or decommission where nuclear material was customarily used.
(65) b. Any location identified by Seria under Article 2.a.(i), Article 2.a.(iv), Article 2.a.(ix)(b) or Article 2.b., other than those referred to in paragraph a.(i) above, provided that if Serbia is unable to provide such access, Serbia shall make every reasonable effort to satisfy Agency requirements, without delay, through other means.
(66) c. Any location specified by the Agency, other than locations referred to in paragraphs a. and b. above, to carry out location-specific environmental sampling, provided that if Serbia is unable to provide such access, Serbia shall make every reasonable effort to satisfy Agency requirements, without delay, at adjacent locations or through other means.
(67) Article 6
(68) When implementing Article 5, the Agency may carry out the following activities:
(69) a. For access in accordance with Article 5.a.(i) or (iii): visual observation; collection of environmental samples; utilization of radiation detection and measurement devices; application of seals and other identifying and tamper indicating devices specified in Subsidiary Arrangements; and other objective measures which have been demonstrated to be technically feasible and the use of which has been agreed by the Board of Governors (hereinafter referred to as the ”Board”) and following consultations between the Agency and Serbia.
(70) b. For access in accordance with Article 5.a.(ii): visual observation; item counting of nuclear material; non-destructive measurements and sampling; utilization of radiation detection and measurement devices; examination of records relevant to the quantities, origin and disposition of the material; collection of environmental samples; and other objective measures which have been demonstrated to be technically feasible and the use of which has been agreed by the Board and following consultations between the Agency and Serbia.
(71) c. For access in accordance with Article 5.b.: visual observation; collection of environmental samples; utilization of radiation detection and measurement devices; examination of safeguards relevant production and shipping records; and other objective measures which have been demonstrated to be technically feasible and the use of which has been agreed by the Board and following consultations between the Agency and Serbia.
(72) d. For access in accordance with Article 5.c.: collection of environmental samples and, in the event the results do not resolve the question or inconsistency at the location specified by the Agency pursuant to Article 5.c., utilization at that 1ocation of visual observation, radiation detection and measurement devices, and, as agreed by Serbia and the Agency, other objective measures.
(73) Article 7
(74) a. Upon request by Serbia, the Agency and Serbia shall make arrangements for managed access under this Protocol in order to prevent the dissemination of proliferation sensitive information, to meet safety or physical protection requirements, or to protect proprietary or commercially sensitive information. Such arrangements shall not preclude the Agency from conducting activities necessary to provide credible assurance of the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities at the location in question, including the resolution of a question relating to the correctness and completeness of the information referred to in Article 2 or of an inconsistency relating to that information.
(75) b. Serbia may, when providing the information referred to in Article 2, inform the Agency of the places at a site or location at which managed access may be applicable.
(76) c. Pending the entry into force of any necessary Subsidiary Arrangements, Serbia may have recourse to managed access consistent with the provisions of paragraph a. above.
(77) Article 8
(78) Nothing in this Protocol shall preclude Serbia from offering the Agency access to locations in addition to those referred to in Articles 5 and 9 or from requesting the Agency to conduct verification activities at a particular location. The Agency shall, without delay, make every reasonable effort to act upon such a request.
(79) Article 9
(80) Serbia shall provide the Agency with access to locations specified by the Agency to carry out wide-area environmental sampling, provided that if Serbia is unable to provide such access it shall make every reasonable effort to satisfy Agency requirements at alternative locations. The Agency shall not seek such access until the use of wide-area environmental sampling and the procedural arrangements therefor have been approved by the Board and following consultations between the Agency and Serbia.
(81) Article 10
(82) The Agency shall inform Serbia of:
(83) a. The activities carried out under this Protocol, including those in respect of any questions or inconsistencies the Agency had brought to the attention of Serbia, within sixty days of the activities being carried out by the Agency.
(84) b. The results of activities in respect of any questions or inconsistencies the Agency had brought to the attention of Serbia, as soon as possible but in any case within thirty days of the results being established by the Agency.
(85) c. The conclusions it has drawn from its activities under this Protocol. The conclusions shall be provided annually.
(86) DESIGNATION OF AGENCY INSPECTORS
(87) Article 11
(88) a. (i) The Director General shall notify Serbia of the Board’s approval of any Agency official as a safeguards inspector. Unless Serbia advises the Director General of its rejection of such an official as an inspector for Serbia within three months of receipt of notification of the Board’s approval, the inspector so notified to Serbia shall be considered designated to Serbia.
(89) (ii) The Director General, acting in response to a request by Serbia or on his own initiative, shall immediately inform Serbia of the withdrawal of the designation of any official as an inspector for Serbia.
(90) b. A notification referred to in paragraph a. above shall be deemed to be received by Serbia seven days after the date of the transmission by registered mail of the notification by the Agency to Serbia.
(91) VISAS
(92) Article 12
(93) Serbia shall, within one month of the receipt of a request therefor, provide the designated inspector specified in the request with appropriate multiple entry/exit and/or transit visas, where required, to enable the inspector to enter and remain on the territory of Serbia for the purpose of carrying out his/her functions. Any visas required shall be valid for at least one year and shall be renewed, as required, to cover the dtuation of the inspector’s designation to Serbia.
(94) SUBSIDIARY ARRANGEMENTS
(95) Article 13
(96) a. Where Serbia or the Agency indicates that it is necessary to specify in Subsidiary Arrangements how measures laid down in this Protocol are to be applied, Serbia and the Agency shall agree on such Subsidiary Arrangements within ninety days of the entry into force of this Protocol or, where the indication of the need for such Subsidiary Arrangements is made after the entry into force of this Protocol, within ninety days of the date of such indication.
(97) b. Pending the entry into force of any necessary Subsidiary Arrangements, the Agency shall be entitled to apply the measures laid down in this Protocol.
(98) COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
(99) Article 14
(100) a. Serbia shall permit and protect free communications by the Agency for official piuposes between Agency inspectors in Serbia and Agency Headquarters and/or Regional Offices, including attended and unattended transmission of information generated by Agency containment and/or surveillance or measurement devices. The Agency shall have, in consultation with Serbia, the right to make use of internationally established systems of direct communications, including satellite systems and other forms of telecommunication, not in use in Serbia. At the request of Serbia or the Agency, details of the implementation of this paragraph with respect to the attended or unattended transmission of information generated by Agency containment and/or surveillance or measurement devices shall be specified in the Subsidiary Arrangements.
(101) b. Communication and transmission of information as provided for in paragraph a. above shall take due account of the need to protect proprietary or commercially sensitive information or design information which Serbia regards as being of particular sensitivity.
(102) PROTECTION OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
(103) Article 15
(104) a. The Agency shall maintain a stringent regime to ensure effective protection against disclosure of commercial, technological and industrial secrets and other confidential information coming to its knowledge, inluding such information coming to the Agency’s knowledge in the implementation of this Protocol.
(105) b. The regime referred to in paragraph a. above shall include, among others, provisions relating to:
(106) (i) General principles and associated measures for the handling of confidential information;
(107) (ii) Conditions of staff employment relating to the protection of confidential information;
(108) (iii) Procedures in cases of breaches or alleged breaches of confidentiality.
(109) c. The regime referred to in paragraph a. above shall be approved and periodically reviewed by the Board.
(110) ANNEXES
(111) Article 16
(112) a. The Annexes to this Protocol shall be an integral part thereof. Except for the purposes of amendment of the Annexes, the term ”Protocol” as used in this instrument means the Protocol and the Annexes together.
(113) b. The list of activities specified in Annex I, and the list of equipment and material specified in Annex II, may be amended by the Board upon the advice of an open-ended working group of experts established by the Board. Any such amendment shall take effect four months after its adoption by the Board.
(114) ENTRY INTO FORCE
(115) Article 17
(116) a. This Protocol shall enter into force on the date on which the Agency receives from Serbia written notification that Serbia’s statutory and/or constitutional requirements for entry into force have been met.
(117) b. Serbia may, at any date before this Protocol enters into force, declare that it will apply this Protocol provisionally.
(118) c. The Director General shall promptly inform all Member States of the Agency of any declaration of provisional application of, and of the entry into force of, this Protocol.
(119) DEFINITIONS
(120) Article 18
(121) For the purpose of this Protocol:
(122) a. Nuclear fuel cycle-related research and development activities means those activities which are specifically – related to any process or system development aspect of any of the following:
(123) – conversion of nuclear material,
(124) – enrichment of nuclear material,
(125) – nuclear fuel fabrication,
(126) – reactors,
(127) – critical facilities,
(128) – reprocessing of nuclear fuel,
(129) – processing (not including repackaging or conditioning not involving the separation of elements, for storage or disposal) of intermediate or high-level waste containing plutonium, high enriched uranium or uranium-233,
(130) but do not include activities related to theoretical or basic scientific research or to research and development on industrial radioisotope applications, medical, hydrological and agricultural applications, health and environmental effects and improved maintenance.
(131) b. Site means that area delimited by Serbia in the relevant design information for a facility, including a closed-down facility, and in the relevant information on a location outside facilities where nuclear material is customarily used, including a closed-down location outside facilities where nuclear material was customarily used (this is limited to locations with hot cells or where activities related to conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication or reprocessing were carried out). It shall also include all installations, co-located with the facility or location, for the provision or use of essential services, including: hot cells for processing irradiated materials not containing nuclear material; installations for the treatment, storage and disposal of waste; and buildings associated with specified activities identified by Serbia under Article 2.a.(iv) above.
(132) c. Decommissioned facility or decommissioned location outside facilities means an installation or location at which residual structures and equipment essential for its use have been removed or rendered inoperable so that it is not used to store and can no longer be used to handle, process or utilize nuclear material.
(133) d. Closed-down facility or closed-down location outside facilities means an installation or location where operations have been stopped and the nuclear material removed bu which has not been decommissioned.
(134) e. High enriched uranium means uranium containing 20 percent or more of the isotope uranium-235.
(135) f. Location-specific environmental sam lin means the collection of environmental samples (e.g., air, water, vegetation, soil, smears) at, and in the immediate vicinity of, a location specified by the Agency for the purpose of assisting the Agency to draw conclusions about the absence of undeclared nuclear material or nuclear activities at the specified location.
(136) g. Wide-area environmental sampling means the collection of environmental samples (e.g., air, water, vegetation, soil, smears) at a set of locations specified by the Agency for the purpose of assisting the Agency to draw conclusions about the absence of undeclared nuclear material or nuclear activities over a wide area.
(137) h. Nuclear material means any source or any special fissionable material as defined in Article XX of the Statute. The term source material shall not be interpreted as applying to ore or ore residue. Any determination by the Board under Article XX of the Statute of the Agency after the entry into force of this Protocol which adds to the materials considered to be source material or special fissionable material shall have effect under this Protocol only upon acceptance by Serbia.
(138) i. Facility means:
(139) (i) A reactor, a critical facility, a conversion plant, a fabrication plant, a reprocessing plant, an isotope separation plant or a separate storage installation; or
(140) (ii) Any location where nuclear material in amounts greater than one effective kilogram is customarily used.
(141) j. Location outside facilities means any installation or location, which is not a facility, where nuclear material is customarily used in amounts of one effective kilogram or less.
(142) DONE in Belgrade, on the third day of July 2009, in duplicate, in the English language.
(143) For the REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
(144) Božidar Đelić
(145) For the INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY:
(146) Mohamed El Baradei
(147) ANNEX I
(148) LIST OF ACTIVITIES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 2.a.(iv) OF THE PROTOCOL
(149) (i) The manufacture of centrifuge rotor tubes or the assembly of gas centrifuges.
(150) Centrifuge rotor tubes means thin-walled cylinders as described in entry 5.1.1(b) of Annex II.
(151) Gas centrifuges means centrifuges as described in the Introductory Note to entry 5.1 of Annex II.
(152) (ii) The manufacture of diffusion barriers.
(153) Diffusion barriers means thin, porous filters as described in entry 5.3.1(a) of Annex II.
(154) (iii) The manufacture or assembly of laser-based systems.
(155) Laser-based s stems means systems incorporating those items as described in entry 5.7 of Annex II.
(156) (iv) The manufacture or assembly of electromagnetic isotope separators.
(157) Electromagnetic isotope separators means those items referred to in entry 5.9.1 of Annex II containing ion sources as described in 5.9.1(a) of Annex II.
(158) (v) The manufacture or assembly of columns or extraction equipment.
(159) Columns or extraction equipment means those items as described in entries 5.6.1, 5.6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.5, 5.6.6, 5.6.7 and 5.6.8 of Annex II.
(160) (vi) The manufacture of aerodynamic separation nozzles or vortex tubes.
(161) Aerodynamic separation nozzles or vortex tubes means separation nozzles and vortex tubes as described respectively in entries 5.5.1 and 5.5.2 of Annex II.
(162) (vii) The manufacture or assembly of uranium plasma generation systems.
(163) Uranium plasma generation systems means systems for the generation of uranium plasma as described in entry 5.8.3 of Annex II.
(164) (viii) The manufacture of zirconium tubes.
(165) Zirconium tubes means tubes as described in entry 1.6 of Annex II.
(166) (ix) The manufacture or upgrading of heavy water or deuterium.
(167) Heavy water or deuteriiun means deuterium, heavy water (deuterium oxide) and any other deuterium compound in which the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen atoms exceeds 1:5000.
(168) (x) The manufacture of nuclear grade graphite.
(169) Nuclear grade graphite means graphite having a purity level better than 5 parts per million boron equivalent and with a density greater than 1.50 g/cm3.
(170) (xi) The manufacture of flasks for irradiated fuel.
(171) A flask for irradiated fuel means a vessel for the transportation and/or storage of irradiated fuel which provides chemical, thermal and radiological protection, and dissipates decay heat during handling, transportation and storage.
(172) (xii) The manufacture of reactor control rods.
(173) Reactor control rods means rods as described in entry 1.4 of Annex II.
(174) (xiii) The manufacture of criticality safe tanks and vessels.
(175) Criticality safe tanks and vessels means those items as described in entries 3.2 and 3.4 of Annex II.
(176) (xiv) The manufacture of irradiated fuel element chopping machines.
(177) Irradiated fuel element chopping machines means equipment as described in entry 3.1 of Annex II.
(178) (xv) The construction of hot cells.
(179) Hot cells means a cell or interconnected cells totalling at least 6 m in volume with shielding equal to or greater than the equivalent of 0.5 m of concrete, with a density of 3.2 g/cm or greater, outfitted with equipment for remote operations.
(180) ANNEX II
(181) LIST OF SPECIFIED EQUIPMENT AND NON-NUCLEAR MATERIAL FOR THE REPORTING OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 2.a.(ix)
(182) 1. Reactors and equipment therefor
(183) 1.1. Complete nuclear reactors
(184) Nuclear reactors capable of operation so as to maintain a controlled self-sustaining fission chain reaction, excluding zero energy reactors, the latter being defined as reactors with a designed maximum rate of production of plutonium not exceeding 100 grams per year.
(185) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(186) A ”nuclear reactor” basically includes the items within or attached directly to the reactor vessel, the equipment which controls the level of power in the core, and the components which normally contain or come in direct contact with or control the primary coolant of the reactor core.
(187) It is not intended to exclude reactors which could reasonably be capable of modification to produce significantly more than 100 grams of plutonium per year. Reactors designed for sustained operation at significant power levels, regardless of their capacity for plutonium production, are not considered as ”zero energy reactors”.
(188) 1.2. Reactor pressure vessels
(189) Metal vessels, as complete units or as major shop-fabricated parts therefor, which are especially designed or prepared to contain the core of a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1. above and are capable of withstanding the operating pressure of the primary coolant.
(190) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(191) A top plate for a reactor pressure vessel is covered by item 1.2. as a major shop-fabricated part of a pressure vessel.
(192) Reactor internals (e.g. support columns and plates for the core and other vessel internals, control rod guide tubes, thermal shields, baffles, core grid plates, diffuser plates, etc.) are normally supplied by the reactor supplier. In some cases, certain internal support components are included in the fabrication of the pressure vessel. These items are sufficiently critical to the safety and reliability of the operation of the reactor (and, therefore, to the guarantees and liability of the reactor supplier), so that their supply, outside the basic supply arrangement for the reactor itself, would not be common practice. Therefore, although the separate supply of these unique, especially designed and prepared, critical, large and expensive items would not necessarily be considered as falling outside the area of concern, such a mode of supply is considered unlikely.
(193) 1.3. Reactor fuel charging and discharging machines
(194) Manipulative equipment especially designed or prepared for inserting or removing fuel in a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1. above capable of on-load operation or employing technically sophisticated positioning or alignment features to allow complex off-load fuelling operations such as those in which direct viewing of or access to the fuel is not normally available.
(195) 1.4. Reactor control rods
(196) Rods especially designed or prepared for the control of the reaction rate in a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1. above.
(197) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(198) This item includes, in addition to the neutron absorbing part, the support or suspension structures therefor if supplied separately.
(199) 1.5. Reactor pressure tubes
(200) Tubes which are especially designed or prepared to contain fuel elements and the primary coolant in a reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1. above at an operating pressure in excess of 5.1 MPa (740 psi).
(201) 1.6. Zirconium tubes
(202) Zirconium metal and alloys in the form of tubes or assemblies of tubes, and in quantities exceeding 500 kg in any period of 12 months, especially designed or prepared for use in a reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1. above, and in which the relation of hafnium to zirconium is less than 1:500 parts by weight.
(203) 1.7. Primary coolant pumps
(204) Pumps especially designed or prepared for circulating the primary coolant for nucle reactors as defined in paragraph 1.1. above.
(205) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(206) Especially designed or prepared pumps may include elaborate sealed or multi-sealed systems to prevent leakage of primary coolant, canned-driven pumps, and pumps with inertial mass systems. This definition encompasses pumps certified to NC-1 or equivalent standards.
(207) 2. Non-nuclear materials for reactors
(208) 2.1. Deuterium and heavy water
(209) Deuterium, heavy water (deuterium oxide) and any other deuterium compound in which the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen atoms exceeds 1:5000 for use in a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1. above in quantities exceeding 200 kg of deuterium atoms for any one recipient country in any period of 12 months.
(210) 2.2. Nuclear grade graphite
(211) Graphite having a purity level better than 5 parts per million boron equivalent and with a density greater than 1.50 g/cm3 for use in a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1. above in quantities exceeding 3 x 10^4 kg (30 metric tons) for any one recipient country in any period of 12 months.
(212) NOTE
(213) For the purpose of reporting, the Government will determine whether or not the exports of graphite meeting the above specifications are for nuclear reactor use.
(214) 3. Plants for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel elements, and equipment especiall designed or prepared therefor
(215) ITRODUCTORY NOTE
(216) Reprocessing irradiated nuclear fuel separates plutonium and uranium from intensely radioactive fission products and other transuranic elements. Different technical processes can accomplish this separation. However, over the years Purex has become the most commonly used and accepted process. Purex involves the dissolution of irradiated nuclear fuel in nitric acid, followed by separation of the uranium, plutonium, and fission products by solvent extraction using a mixture of tributyl phosphate in an organic diluent.
(217) Purex facilities have process functions similar to each other, including: irradiated fuel element chopping, fuel dissolution, solvent extraction, and process liquor storage. There may also be equipment for thermal denitration of uranium nitrate, conversion of plutonium nitrate to oxide or metal, and treatment of fission product waste liquor to a form suitable for long term storage or disposal. However, the specific type and configuration of the equipment performing these functions may differ between Purex facilities for several reasons, including the type and quantity of irradiated nuclear fuel to be reprocessed and the intended disposition of the recovered materials, and the safety and maintenance philosophy incorporated into the design of the facility.
(218) A ”plant for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel elements” includes the equipment and components which normally come in direct contact with and directly control the irradiated fuel and the major nuclear material and fission product processing streams.
(219) These processes, including the complete systems for plutonium conversion and plutonium metal production, may be identified by the measures taken to avoid criticality (e.g. by geometry), radiation exposure (e.g. by shielding), and toxicity hazards (e.g. by containment).
(220) Items of equipment that are considered to fall within the meaning of the phrase ”and equipment especially designed or prepared” for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel elements include:
(221) 3.1. Irradiated fuel element chopping machines
(222) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(223) This equipment breaches the cladding of the fuel to expose the irradiated nuclear material to dissolution. Especially designed metal cutting shears are the most commonly employed, although advanced equipment, such as lasers, may be used.
(224) Remotely operated equipment especially designed or prepared for use in a reprocessing plant as identified above and intended to cut, chop or shear irradiated nuclear fuel assemblies, bundles or rods.
(225) 3.2. Dissolvers
(226) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(227) Dissolvers normally receive the chopped-up spent fuel. In these critically safe vessels, the irradiated nuclear material is dissolved in nitric acid and the remaining hulls removed from the process stream.
(228) Critically safe tanks (e.g. small diameter, annular or slab tanks) especially designed or prepared for use in a reprocessing plant as identified above, intended for dissolution of irradiated nuclear fuel and which are capable of withstanding hot, highly corrosive liquid, and which can be remotely loaded and maintained.
(229) 3.3. Solvent extractors and solvent extraction equipment
(230) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(231) Solvent extractors both receive the solution of irradiated fuel from the dissolvers and the organic solution which separates the uranium, plutonium, and fission products. Solvent extraction equipment is normally designed to meet strict operating parameters, such as long operating lifetimes with no maintenance requirements or adaptability to easy replacement, simplicity of operation and control, and flexibility for variations in process conditions.
(232) Especially designed or prepared solvent extractors such as packed or pulse columns, mixer settlers or centrifugal contactors for use in a plant for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel. Solvent extractors must be resistant to the corrosive effect of nitric acid. Solvent extractors are normally fabricated to extremely high standards (including special welding and inspection and quality assurance and quality control techniques) out of low carbon stainless steels, titanium, zirconium, or other high quality materials.
(233) 3.4. Chemical holding or storage vessels
(234) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(235) Three main process liquor streams result from the solvent extraction step. Holding or storage vessels are used in the fiuther processing of all three streams, as follows:
(236) (a) The pure uranium nitrate solution is concentrated by evaporation and passed to a denitration process where it is converted to uranium oxide. This oxide is re-used in the nuclear fuel cycle.
(237) (b) The intensely radioactive fission products solution is normally concentrated by evaporation and stored as a liquor concentrate. This concentrate may be subsequently evaporated and converted to a form suitable for storage or disposal.
(238) (c) The pure plutonium nitrate solution is concentrated and stored pending its transfer to further process steps. In particular, holding or storage vessels for plutonium solutions are designed to avoid criticality problems resulting from changes in concentration and form of this stream.
(239) Especially designed or prepared holding or storage vessels for use in a plant for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel. The holding or storage vessels must be resistant to the corrosive effect of nitric acid. The holding or storage vessels are normally fabricated of materials such as low carbon stainless steels, titanium or zirconium, or other high quality materials. Holding or storage vessels may be designed for remote operation and maintenance and may have the following features for control of nuclear criticality:
(1) walls or internal structures with a boron equivalent of at least two per cent, or
(2) a maximum diameter of 175 mm (7 in) for cylindrical vessels, or
(3) a maximum width of 75 mm (3 in) for either a slab or annular vessel.
(243) 3.5. Plutonium nitrate to oxide conversion system
(244) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(245) In most reprocessing facilities, this final process involves the conversion of the plutonium nitrate solution to plutonium dioxide. The main functions involved in this process are: process feed storage and adjustment, precipitation and solid/liquor separation, calcination, product handling, ventilation, waste management, and process control.
(246) Complete systems especially designed or prepared for the conversion of plutonium nitrate to plutonium oxide, in particular adapted so as to avoid criticality and radiation effects and to minimize toxicity hazards.
(247) 3.6. Plutonium oxide to metal production system
(248) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(249) This process, which could be related to a reprocessing facility, involves the fluorination of plutonium dioxide, normally with highly corrosive hydrogen fluoride, to produce plutonium fluoride which is subsequently reduced using high purity calcium metal to produce metallic plutonium and a calcium fluoride slag. The main functions involved in this process are: fluorination (e.g. involving equipment fabricated or lined with a precious metal), metal reduction (e.g. employing ceramic crucibles), slag recovery, product handling, ventilation, waste management and process control.
(250) Complete systems especially designed or prepared for the production of plutonium metal, in particular adapted so as to avoid criticality and radiation effects and to minimize toxicity hazards.
(251) 4. Plants for the fabrication of fuel elements
(252) A ”plant for the fabrication of fuel elements” includes the equipment:
(253) (a) Which normally comes in direct contact with, or directly processes, or controls, the production flow of nuclear material, or
(254) (b) Which seals the nuclear material within the cladding.
(255) 5. Plants for the separation of isotopes of uranium and equipment, other than analytical instruments, especially designed or prepared therefor
(256) Items of equipment that are considered to fall within the meaning of the phrase ”equipment, other than analytical instruments, especially designed or prepared” for the separation of isotopes of uranium include:
(257) 5.1. Gas centrifuges and assemblies and components especially designed or prepared for use in gas centrifuges
(258) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(259) The gas centrifuge normally consists of a thin-walled cylinder(s) of between 75 mm (3 in) and 400 mm (16 in) diameter contained in a vacuum environment and spun at high peripheral speed of the order of 300 m/s or more with its central axis vertical. In order to achieve high speed the materials of construction for the rotating components have to be of a high strength to density ratio and the rotor assembly, and hence its individual components, have to be manufactured to very close tolerances in order to minimize the unbalance. In contrast to other centrifuges, the gas centrifuge for uranium enrichment is characterized by having within the rotor chamber a rotating disc-shaped baffle(s) and a stationary tube arrangement for feeding and extracting the UF6 gas and featuring at least 3 separate channels, of which 2 are connected to scoops extending from the rotor axis towards the periphery of the rotor chamber. Also contained within the vacuum environment are a number of critical items which do not rotate and which although they are especially designed are not difficult to fabricate nor are they fabricated out of unique materials. A centrifuge facility however requires a large number of these components, so that quantities can provide an important indication of end use.
(260) 5.1.1. Rotating components
(261) (a) Complete rotor assemblies:
(262) Thin-walled cylinders, or a number of interconnected thin-walled cylinders, manufactured from one or more of the high strength to density ratio materials described in the EXPLANATORY NOTE to this Section. If interconnected, the cylinders are joined together by flexible bellows or rings as described in section 5.1.1.(c) following. The rotor is fitted with an internal baffle(s) and end caps, as described in section 5.1.1.(d) and (e) following, if in final form. However the complete assembly may be delivered only partly assembled.
(263) (b) Rotor tubes:
(264) Especially designed or prepared thin-walled cylinders with thickness of 12 mm (0.5 in) or less, a diameter of between 75 mm (3 in) and 400 mm (16 in), and manufactured from one or more of the high strength to density ratio materials described in the EXPLANATORY NOTE to this Section.
(265) (c) Rings or Bellows:
(266) Components especially designed or prepared to give localized support to the rotor tube or to join together a number of rotor tubes. The bellows is a short cylinder of wall thickness 3 mm (0.12 in) or less, a diameter of between 75 mm (3 in) and 400 mm (16 in), having a convolute, and manufactured from one of the high strength to density ratio materials described in the EXPLANATORY NOTE to this Section.
(267) (d) Baffles:
(268) Disc-shaped components of between 75 mm (3 in) and 400 mm (16 in) diameter especially designed or prepared to be mounted inside the centrifuge rotor tube, in order to isolate the take-off chamber from the main separation chamber and, in some cases, to assist the UF6 gas circulation within the main separation chamber of the rotor tube, and manufactured from one of the high strength to density ratio materials described in the EXPLANATORY NOTE to this Section.
(269) (e) Top caps/Bottom caps:
(270) Disc-shaped components of between 75 mm (3 in) and 400 mm (16 in) diameter especially designed or prepared to fit to the ends of the rotor tube, and so contain the UF6 within the rotor tube, and in some cases to support, retain or contain as an integrated part an element of the upper bearing (top cap) or to carry the rotating elements of the motor and lower bearing (bottom cap), and manufactured from one of the high strength to density ratio materials described in the EXPLANATORY NOTE to this Section.
(271) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(272) The materials used for centrifuge rotating components are:
(273) (a) Maraging steel capable of an ultimate tensile strength of 2.05 x 10^9 N/m2 (300,000 psi) or more;
(274) (b) Aluminium alloys capable of an ultimate tensile strength of 0.46 x 10^9 N/m2 (67,000 psi) or more;
(275) (c) Filamentary materials suitable for use in composite structures and having a specific modulus of 12.3 x 10 m or greater and a specific ultimate tensile strength of 0.3 x 10 m or greater (’Specific Modulus’ is the Young’s Modulus in N/m2 divided by the specific weight in N/m3; ’Specific Ultimate Tensile Strength’ is the ultimate tensile strength in N/m divided by the specific weight in N/m3).
(276) 5.1.2. Static components
(277) (a) Magnetic suspension bearings:
(278) Especially designed or prepared bearing assemblies consisting of an annular magnet suspended within a housing containing a damping medium. The housing will be manufactured from a UF6-resistant material (see EXPLANATORY NOTE to Section 5.2.). The magnet couples with a pole piece or a second magnet fitted to the top cap described in Section 5.1.1.(e). The magnet may be ring-shaped with a relation between outer and inner diameter smaller or equal to 1.6:1. The magnet may be in a form having an initial permeability of 0.15 H/m (120,000 in CGS units) or more, or a remanence of 98.5% or more, or an energy product of greater than 80 kJ/m3 (10 gauss-oersteds). In addition to the usual material properties, it is a prerequisite that the deviation of the magnetic axes from the geometrical axes is limited to very small tolerances (lower than 0.1 mm or 0.004 in) or that homogeneity of the material of the magnet is specially called for.
(279) (b) Bearings/Dampers:
(280) Especially designed or prepared bearings comprising a pivot/cup assembly mounted on a damper. The pivot is normally a hardened steel shaft with a hemisphere at one end with a means of attachment to the bottom cap described in section 5.1.1. (e) at the other. The shaft may however have a hydrodynamic bearing attached. The cup is pellet-shaped with a hemispherical indentation in one surface. These components are often supplied separately to the damper.
(281) (c) Molecular pumps:
(282) Especially designed or prepared cylinders having internally machined or extruded helical grooves and internally machined bores. Typical dimensions are as follows: 75 mm (3 in) to 400 mm (16 in) internal diameter, 10 mm (0.4 in) or more wall thickness, with the length equal to or greater than the diameter. The grooves are typically rectangular in cross-section and 2 mm (0.08 in) or more in depth.
(283) (d) Motor stators:
(284) Especially designed or prepared ring-shaped stators for high speed multiphase AC hysteresis (or reluctance) motors for synchronous operation within a vacuum in the frequency range of 600–2000 Hz and a power range of 50–1000 VA. The stators consist of multi-phase windings on a laminated low loss iron core comprised of thin layers typically 2.0 mm (0.08 in) thick or less.
(285) (e) Centrifuge housing/recipients:
(286) Components especially designed or prepared to contain the rotor tube assembly of a gas centrifuge. The housing consists of a rigid cylinder of wall thickness up to 30 mm (1.2 in) with precision machined ends to locate the bearings and with one or more flanges for mounting. The machined ends are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the cylinder’s longitudinal axis to within 0.05 degrees or less. The housing may also be a honeycomb type structure to accommodate several rotor tubes. The housings are made of or protected by materials resistant to corrosion by UF6.
(287) (f) Scoops:
(288) Especially designed or prepared tubes of up to 12 mm (0.5 in) internal diameter for the extraction of UFq gas from within the rotor tube by a Pitot tube action (that is, with an aperture facing into the circumferential gas flow within the rotor tube, for example by bending the end of a radially disposed tube) and capable of being fixed to the central gas extraction system. The tubes are made of or protected by materials resistant to corrosion by UF6.
(289) 5.2. Especially designed or prepared auxiliary systems, equipment and components for gas centrifuge enrichment plants
(290) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(291) The auxiliary systems, equipment and components for a gas centrifuge enrichment plant are the systems of plant needed to feed UF6 to the centrifuges, to link the individual centrifuges to each other to form cascades (or stages) to allow for progressively higher enrichments and to extract the ’product’ and ’tails’ UF6 from the centrifuges, together with the equipment required to drive the centrifuges or to control the plant.
(292) Normally UF6 is evaporated from the solid using heated autoclaves and is distributed in gaseous form to the centrifuges by way of cascade header pipework. The ’product’ and ’tails’ UF6 gaseous streams flowing from the centrifuges are also passed by way of cascade header pipework to cold traps (operating at about 203 K (–70 C)) where they are condensed prior to onward transfer into suitable containers for transportation or storage. Because an enrichment plant consists of many thousands of centrifuges arranged in cascades there are many kilometers of cascade header pipework, incorporating thousands of welds with a substantial amount of repetition of layout. The equipment, components and piping systems are fabricated to very high vacuum and cleanliness standards.
(293) 5.2.1. Feed systems/product and tails withdrawal systems
(294) Especially designed or prepared process systems including:
(295) Feed autoclaves (or stations), used for passing UF6 to the centrifuge cascades at up to 100 kPa (15 psi) and at arate of 1 kg/h or more;
(296) Desublimers (or cold traps) used to remove UF6 from the cascades at up to 3 kPa (0.5 psi) pressure. The desublimers are capable of being chilled to 203 K (–70 C) and heated to 343 K (70 C);
(297) ’Product’ and ’Tails’ stations used for trapping UF6 into containers.
(298) This plant, equipment and pipework is wholly made of or lined with UF6-resistant materials (see EXPLANATORY NOTE to this section) and is fabricated to very high vacuum and cleanliness standards.
(299) 5.2.2. Machine header piping systems
(300) Especially designed or prepared piping systems and header systems for handling UF6 within the centrifuge cascades. The piping network is normally of the ’triple’ header system with each centrifuge connected to each of the headers. There is thus a substantial amount of repetition in its form. It is wholly made of UF6-resistant materials (see EXPLANATORY NOTE to this section) and is fabricated to very high vacuum and cleanliness standards.
(301) 5.2.3. UF6 mass spectrometers/ion sources
(302) Especially designed or prepared magnetic or quadrupole mass spectrometers capable of taking ’on-line’ samples of feed, product or tails, from UF6 gas streams and having all of the following characteristics:
(303) 1. Unit resolution for atomic mass unit greater than 320;
(304) 2. Ion sources constructed of or lined with nichrome or monel or nickel plated;
(305) 3. Electron bombardment ionization sources;
(306) 4. Having a collector system suitable for isotopic analysis.
(307) 5.2.4. Frequency changers
(308) Frequency changers (also known as converters or invertors) especially designed or prepared to supply motor stators as defined under 5.1.2.(d), or parts, components and sub-assemblies of such frequency changers having all of the following characteristics:
(309) 1. A multiphase output of 600 to 2000 Hz;
(310) 2. High stability (with frequency control better than 0.1%);
(311) 3. Low harmonic distortion (less than 2%); and
(312) 4. An efficiency of greater than 80%.
(313) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(314) The items listed above either come into direct contact with the UF6 process gas or directly control the centrifuges and the passage of the gas from centrifuge to centrifuge and cascade to cascade.
(315) Materials resistant to corrosion by UF6 include stainless steel, aluminium, aluminium alloys, nickel or alloys containing 60% or more nickel.
(316) 5.3. Especially designed or prepared assemblies and components for use in gaseous diffusion enrichment
(317) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(318) In the gaseous diffusion method of uranium isotope separation, the main technological assembly is a special porous gaseous diffusion barrier, heat exchanger for cooling the gas (which is heated by the process of compression), seal valves and control valves, and pipelines. Inasmuch as gaseous diffusion technology uses uranium hexafluoride (UF6), all equipment, pipeline and instrumentation surfaces (that come in contact with the gas) must be made of materials that remain stable in contact with UF6. A gaseous diffusion facility requires a number of these assemblies, so that quantities can provide an important indication of end use.
(319) 5.3.1. Gaseous diffusion barriers
(320) (a) Especially designed or prepared thin, porous filters, with a pore size of 100–1,000 A (angstroms), a thickness of 5 mm (0.2 in) or less, and for tubular forms, a diameter of 25 mm (1 in) or less, made of metallic, polymer or ceramic materials resistant to corrosion by UF6, and
(321) (b) especially prepared compounds or powders for the manufacture of such filters. Such compounds and powders include nickel or alloys containing 60 per cent or more nickel, aluminium oxide, or UF6-resistant fully fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers having a purity of 99.9 per cent or more, a particle size less than 10microns, and a high degree of particle size uniformity, which are especially prepared for the manufacture of gaseous diffusion barriers.
(322) 5.3.2. Diffuser housings
(323) Especially designed or prepared hermetically sealed cylindrical vessels greater than 300 mm (12 in) in diameter and greater than 900 mm (35 in) in length, or rectangular vessels of comparable dimensions, which have an inlet connection and two outlet connections all of which are greater than 50 mm (2 in) in diameter, for containing the gaseous diffusion barrier, made of or lined with UF6-resistant materials and designed for horizontal or vertical installation.
(324) 5.3.3. Compressors and gas blowers
(325) Especially designed or prepared axial, centrifugal, or positive displacement compressors, or gas blowers with a suction volume capacity of 1 m3/min or more of UF6, and with a discharge pressure of up to several hundred kPa (100 psi), designed for long-term operation in the UF6 environment with or without an electrical motor of appropriate power, as well as separate assemblies of such compressors and gas blowers. These compressors and gas blowers have a pressure ratio between 2:1 and 6:1 and are made of, or lined with, materials resistant to UF6.
(326) 5.3.4. Rotary shaft seals
(327) Especially designed or prepared vacuum seals, with seal feed and seal exhaust connections, for sealing the shaft connecting the compressor or the gas blower rotor with the driver motor so as to ensure a reliable seal against in-leaking of air into the inner chamber of the compressor or gas blower which is filled with UF6. Such seals are normally designed for a buffer gas in-leakage rate of less than 1000 cm3/min (60 in3/min).
(328) 5.3.5. Heat exchangers for cooling UF6
(329) Especially designed or prepared heat exchangers made of or lined with UF6-resistant materials (except stainless steel) or with copper or any combination of those metals, and intended for a leakage pressure change rate of less than 10 Pa (0.0015 psi) per hour under a pressure difference of 100 kPa (15 psi).
(330) 5.4. Especially designed or prepared auxiliary systems, equipment and components for use in gaseous diffusion enrichment
(331) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(332) The auxiliary systems, equipment and components for gaseous diffusion enrichment plants are the systems of plant needed to feed UF6 to the gaseous diffusion assembly, to link the individual assemblies to each other to form cascades (or stages) to allow for progressively higher enrichments and to extract the ’product’ and ’tails’ UF6 from the diffusion cascades. Because of the high inertial properties of diffusion cascades, any interruption in their operation, and especially their shut-down, leads to serious consequences. Therefore, a strict and constant maintenance of vacuum in all technological systems, automatic protection from accidents, and precise automated regulation of the gas flow is of importance in a gaseous diffusion plant. All this leads to a need to equip the plant with a large number of special measuring, regulating and controlling systems.
(333) Normally UF6 is evaporated from cylinders placed within autoclaves and is distributed in gaseous form to the entry point by way of cascade header pipework. The ’product’ and ’tails’ UF6 gaseous streams flowing from exit points are passed by way of cascade header pipework to either cold traps or to compression stations where the UF6 gas is liquefied prior to onward transfer into suitable containers for transportation or storage. Because a gaseous diffusion enrichment plant consists of a large number of gaseous diffusion assemblies arranged in cascades, there are many kilometers of cascade header pipework, incorporating thousands of welds with substantial amounts of repetition of layout. The equipment, components and piping systems are fabricated to very high vacuum and cleanliness standards.
(334) 5.4.1. Feed systems/product and tails withdrawal systems
(335) Especially designed or prepared process systems, capable of operating at pressures of 300 kPa (45 psi) or less, including:
(336) Feed autoclaves (or systems), used for passing UF6 to the gaseous diffusion cascades;
(337) Desublimers (or cold traps) used to remove UF6 from diffusion cascades;
(338) Liquefaction stations where UF6 gas from the cascade is compressed and cooled to form liquid UF6;
(339) ’Product’ or ’tails’ stations used for transferring UF6 into containers.
(340) 5.4.2. Header piping systems
(341) Especially designed or prepared piping systems and header systems for handling UF6 within the gaseous diffusion cascades. This piping network is normally of the ”double” header system with each cell connected to each of the headers.
(342) 5.4.3. Vacuum systems
(343) (a) Especially designed or prepared large vacuum manifolds, vacuum headers and vacuum pumps having a suction capacity of 5 m3/min (175 ft3 /min) or more.
(344) (b) Vacuum pumps especially designed for service in UF6-bearing atmospheres made of, or lined with, aluminium, nickel, or alloys bearing more than 60% nickel. These pumps may be either rotary or positive, may have displacement and fluorocarbon seals, and may have special working fluids present.
(345) 5.4.4. Special shut-off and control valves
(346) Especially designed or prepared manual or automated shut-off and control bellows valves made of UF6-resistant materials with a diameter of 40 to 1500 mm (1.5 to 59 in) for installation in main and auxiliary systems of gaseous diffusion enrichment plants.
(347) 5.4.5. UF6 mass spectrometers/ion sources
(348) Especially designed or prepared magnetic or quadrupole mass spectrometers capable of taking ”on-line” samples of feed, product or tails, from UF6 gas streams and having all of the following characteristics:
(349) 1. Unit resolution for atomic mass unit greater than 320;
(350) 2. Ion sources constructed of or lined with nichrome or monel or nickel plated;
(351) 3. Electron bombardment ionization sources;
(352) 4. Collector system suitable for isotopic analysis.
(353) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(354) The items listed above either come into direct contact with the UF6 process gas or directly control the flow within the cascade. All surfaces which come into contact with the process gas are wholly made of, or lined with, UF6-resistant materials. For the purposes of the sections relating to gaseous diffusion items the materials resistant to corrosion by UF6 include stainless steel, aluminium, aluminium alloys, aluminium oxide, nickel or alloys containing 60% or more nickel and UF6-resistant fully fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers.
(355) 5.5. Especially designed or prepared systems, equipment and components for use in aerodynamic enrichment plants
(356) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(357) In aerodynamic enrichment processes, a mixture of gaseous UF6 and light gas (hydrogen or helium) is compressed and then passed through separating elements wherein isotopic separation is accomplished by the generation of high centrifugal forces over a curved-wall geometry. Two processes of this type have been successfully developed: the separation nozzle process and the vortex tube process. For both processes the main components of a separation stage include cylindrical vessels housing the special separation elements (nozzles or vortex tubes), gas compressors and heat exchangers to remove the heat of compression. An aerodynamic plant requires a number of these stages, so that quantities can provide an important indication of end use. Since aerodynamic processes use UF6, all equipment, pipeline and instrumentation surfaces (that come in contact with the gas) must be made of materials that remain stable in contact with UF6.
(358) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(359) The items listed in this section either come into direct contact with the UF6 process gas or directly control the flow within the cascade. All surfaces which come into contact with the process gas are wholly made of or protected by UF6-resistant materials. For the purposes of the section relating to aerodynamic enrichment items, the materials resistant to corrosion by UF6 include copper, stainless steel, aluminium, aluminium alloys, nickel or alloys containing 60% or more nickel and UF6-resistant fully fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers.
(360) 5.5.1. Separation nozzles
(361) Especially designed or prepared separation nozzles and assemblies thereof. The separation nozzles consist of slit-shaped, curved channels having a radius of curvature less than 1 mm (typically 0.1 to 0.05 mm), resistant to corrosion by UF6 and having a knife-edge within the nozzle that separates the gas flowing through the nozzle into two fractions.
(362) 5.5.2. Vortex tubes
(363) Especially designed or prepared vortex tubes and assemblies thereof. The vortex tubes are cylindrical or tapered, made of or protected by materials resistant to corrosion by UF6, having a diameter of between 0.5 cm and 4 cm, a length to diameter ratio of 20:1 or less and with one or more tangential inlets. The tubes may be equipped with nozzle-type appendages at either or both ends.
(364) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(365) The feed gas enters the vortex tube tangentially at one end or through swirl vanes or at numerous tangential positions along the periphery of the tube.
(366) 5.5.3. Compressors and gas blowers
(367) Especially designed or prepared axial, centrifugal or positive displacement compressors or gas blowers made of or protected by materials resistant to corrosion by UF6 and with a suction volume capacity of 2 m3/min or more of UF6/carrier gas (hydrogen or helium) mixture.
(368) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(369) These compressors and gas blowers typically have a pressure ratio between 1.2:1 and 6:1.
(370) 5.5.4. Rotary shaft seals
(371) Especially designed or prepared rotary shaft seals, with seal feed and seal exhaust connections, for sealing the shaft connecting the compressor rotor or the gas blower rotor with the driver motor so as to ensure a reliable seal against out-leakage of process gas or in-leakage of air or seal gas into the inner chamber of the compressor or gas blower which is filled with a UF6/carrier gas mixture.
(372) 5.5.5. Heat exchangers for gas cooling
(373) Especially designed or prepared heat exchangers made of or protected by materials resistant to corrosion by UF6.
(374) 5.5.6. Separation element housings
(375) Especially designed or prepared separation element housings, made of or protected by materials resistant to corrosion by UF6, for containing vortex tubes or separation nozzles.
(376) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(377) These housings may be cylindrical vessels greater than 300 mm in diameter and greater than 900 mm in length, or may be rectangular vessels of comparable dimensions, and may be designed for horizontal or vertical installation.
(378) 5.5.7. Feed systems/product and tails withdrawal systems
(379) Especially designed or prepared process systems or equipment for enrichment plants made of or protected by materials resistant to corrosion by UF6, including:
(380) (a) Feed autoclaves, ovens, or systems used for passing UF6 to the enrichment process;
(381) (b) Desublimers (or cold traps) used to remove UF6 from the enrichment process for subsequent transfer upon heating;
(382) (c) Solidification or liquefaction stations used to remove UF6 from the enrichment process by compressing and converting UF6 to a liquid or solid form;
(383) (d) ’Product’ or ’tails’ stations used for transferring UF6 into containers.
(384) 5.5.8. Header piping systems
(385) Especially designed or prepared header piping systems, made of or protected by materials resistant to corrosion by UF6, for handling UF6 within the aerodynamic cascades. This piping network is normally of the ’double’ header design with each stage or group of stages connected to each of the headers.
(386) 5.5.9. Vacuum systems and pumps
(387) (a) Especially designed or prepared vacuum systems having a suction capacity of 5 m3/min or more, consisting of vacuum manifolds, vacuum headers and vacuum pumps, and designed for service in UF6-bearing atmospheres,
(388) (b) Vacuum pumps especially designed or prepared for service in UF6-bearing atmospheres and made of or protected by materials resistant to corrosion by UF6. These pumps may use fluorocarbon seals and special working fluids.
(389) 5.5.10. Special shut-off and control valves
(390) Especially designed or prepared manual or automated shut-off and control bellows valves made of or protected by materials resistant to corrosion by UF6 with a diameter of 40 to 1500 mm for installation in main and auxiliary systems of aerodynamic enrichment plants.
(391) 5.5.11. UF6 mass spectrometers/ion sources
(392) Especially designed or prepared magnetic or quadrupole mass spectrometers capable of taking ’on-line’ samples of feed, ’product’ or ’tails’, from UF6 gas streams and having all of the following characteristics:
(393) 1. Unit resolution for mass greater than 320;
(394) 2. Ion sources constructed of or lined with nichrome or monel or nickel plated;
(395) 3. Electron bombardment ionization sources;
(396) 4. Collector system suitable for isotopic analysis.
(397) 5.5.12. UF6/carrier gas separation systems
(398) Especially designed or prepared process systems for separating UF6 from carrier gas (hydrogen or helium).
(399) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(400) These systems are designed to reduce the UF6 content in the carrier gas to 1 ppm less and may incorporate equipment such as:
(401) (a) Cryogenic heat exchangers and cryoseparators capable of temperatures of –120 C or less, or
(402) (b) Cryogenic refrigeration units capable of temperatures of –120 C or less, or
(403) (c) Separation nozzle or vortex tube units for the separation of UF6 from carrie gas, or
(404) (d) UF6 cold traps capable of temperatures of –20 C or less.
(405) 5.6. Especially designed or prepared systems, equipment and components for use in chemical exchange or ion exchange enrichment plants
(406) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(407) The slight difference in mass between the isotopes of uranium causes small changes in chemical reaction equilibria that can be used as a basis for separation of the isotopes. Two processes have been successfully developed: liquid-liquid chemical exchange and solid-liquid ion exchange.
(408) In the liquid-liquid chemical exchange process, immiscible liquid phases (aqueous and organic) are countercurrently contacted to give the cascading effect of thousands of separation stages. The aqueous phase consists of uranium chloride in hydrochloric acid solution; the organic phase consists of an extractant containing uranium chloride in an organic solvent. The contactors employed in the separation cascade can be liquid-liquid exchange columns (such as pulsed columns with sieve plates) or liquid centrifugal contactors. Chemical conversions (oxidation and reduction) are required at both ends of the separation cascade in order to provide for the reflux requirements at each end. A major design concern is to avoid contamination of the process streams with certain metal ions. Plastic, plastic-lined (including use of fluorocarbon polymers) and/or glass-lined columns and piping are therefore used.
(409) In the solid-liquid ion-exchange process, enrichment is accomplished by uranium adsorption/desorption on a special, very fast-acting, ion-exchange resin or adsorbent. A solution of uranium in hydrochloric acid and other chemical agents is passed through cylindrical enrichment columns containing packed beds of the adsorbent. For a continuous process, a reflux system is necessary to release the uranium from the adsorbent back into the liquid flow so that ’product’ and ’tails’ can be collected. This is accomplished with the use of suitable reduction/oxidation chemical agents that are fully regenerated in separate external circuits and that may be partially regenerated within the isotopic separation columns themselves. The presence of hot concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions in the process requires that the equipment be made of or protected by special corrosion-resistant materials.
(410) 5.6.1. Liquid-liquid exchange columns (Chemical exchange)
(411) Countercurrent liquid-liquid exchange columns having mechanical power input (i.e., pulsed columns with sieve plates, reciprocating plate columns, and columns with internal turbine mixers), especially designed or prepared for uranium enrichment using the chemical exchange process. For corrosion resistance to concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions, these columns and their internals are made of or protected by suitable plastic materials (such as fluorocarbon polymers) or glass. The stage residence time of the columns is designed to be short (30 seconds or less).
(412) 5.6.2. Liquid-liquid centrifugal contactors (Chemical exchange)
(413) Liquid-liquid centrifugal contactors especially designed or prepared for uranium enrichment using the chemical exchange process. Such contactors use rotation to achieve dispersion of the organic and aqueous streams and then centrifugal force to separate the phases. For corrosion resistance to concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions, the contactors are made of or are lined with suitable plastic materials (such as fluorocarbon polymers) or are lined with glass. The stage residence time of the centrifugal contactors is designed to be short (30 seconds or less).
(414) 5.6.3. Uranium reduction systems and equipment (Chemical exchange)
(415) (a) Especially designed or prepared electrochemical reduction cells to reduce uranium from one valence state to another for uranium enrichment using the chemical exchange process. The cell materials in contact with process solutions must be corrosion resistant to concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions.
(416) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(417) The cell cathodic compartment must be designed to prevent re-oxidation of uranium to its higher valence state. To keep the uranium in the cathodic compartment, the cell may have an impervious diaphragm membrane constructed of special cation exchange material. The cathode consists of a suitable solid conductor such as graphite.
(418) (b) Especially designed or prepared systems at the product end of the cascade for taking the U4+ out of the organic stream, adjusting the acid concentration and feeding to the electrochemical reduction cells.
(419) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(420) These systems consist of solvent extraction equipment for stripping the U4- from the organic stream into an aqueous solution, evaporation and/or other equipment to accomplish solution pH adjustment and control, and pumps or other transfer devices for feeding to the electrochemical reduction cells. A major design concern is to avoid contamination of the aqueous stream with certain metal ions. Consequently, for those parts in contact with the process stream, the system is constructed of equipment made of or protected by suitable materials (such as glass, fluorocarbon polymers, polyphenyl sulfate, polyether sulfone, and resin-impregnated graphite).
(421) 5.6.4. Feed preparation systems (Chemical exchange)
(422) Especially designed or prepared systems for producing high-purity uranium chloride feed solutions for chemical exchange uranium isotope separation plants.
(423) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(424) These systems consist of dissolution, solvent extraction and/or ion exchange equipment for purification and electrolytic cells for reducing the uranium U6+ or U4+ to U3+. These systems produce uranium chloride solutions having only a few parts per million of metallic impurities such as chromium, iron, vanadium, molybdenum and other bivalent or higher multi-valent cations. Materials of construction for portions of the system processing high-purity U3+ include glass, fluorocarbon polymers, polyphenyl sulfate or polyether sulfone plastic-lined and resin-impregnated graphite.
(425) 5.6.5. Uranium oxidation systems (Chemical exchange)
(426) Especially designed or prepared systems for oxidation of U3+ to U4+ for return to the uranium isotope separation cascade in the chemical exchange enrichment process.
(427) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(428) These systems may incorporate equipment such as:
(429) (a) Equipment for contacting chlorine and oxygen with the aqueous effluent from the isotope separation equipment and extracting the resultant U4+ into the stripped organic stream returning &om the product end of the cascade,
(430) (b) Equipment that separates water from hydrochloric acid so that the water and the concentrated hydrochloric acid may be reintroduced to the process at the proper locations.
(431) 5.6.6. Fast-reacting ion exchange resins/adsorbents (ion exchange)
(432) Fast-reacting ion-exchange resins or adsorbents especially designed or prepared for uranium enrichment using the ion exchange process, including porous macroreticular resins, and/or pellicular structures in which the active chemical exchange groups are limited to a coating on the surface of an inactive porous support structure, and other composite structures in any suitable form including particles or fibers. These ion exchange resins/adsorbents have diameters of 0.2 mm or less and must be chemically resistant to concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions as well as physically strong enough so as not to degrade in the exchange columns. The resins/adsorbents are especially designed to achieve very fast uranium isotope exchange kinetics (exchange rate half-time of less than 10 seconds) and are capable of operating at a temperature in the range of 100 C to 200 C.
(433) 5.6.7. Ion exchange columns (Ion exchange)
(434) Cylindrical columns greater than 1000 mm in diameter for containing and supporting packed beds of ion exchange resin/adsorbent, especially designed or prepared for uranium enrichment using the ion exchange process. These columns are made of or protected by materials (such as titanium or fluorocarbon plastics) resistant to corrosion by concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions and are capable of operating at a temperature in the range of 100 C to 200 C and pressures above 0.7 MPa (102 psia).
(435) 5.6.8. Ion exchange reflux systems (Ion exchange)
(436) (a) Especially designed or prepared chemical or electrochemical reduction systems for regeneration of the chemical reducing agent(s) used in ion exchange uranium enrichment cascades.
(437) (b) Especially designed or prepared chemical or electrochemical oxidation systems for regeneration of the chemical oxidizing agent(s) used in ion exchange uranium enrichment cascades.
(438) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(439) The ion exchange enrichment process may use, for example, trivalent titanium (Ti3+) as a reducing cation in which case the reduction system would regenerate Ti3+ by reducing Ti4+.
(440) The process may use, for example, trivalent iron (Fe3+) as an oxidant in which case the oxidation system would regenerate Fe3+ by oxidizing Fe2+.
(441) 5.7. Especially designed or prepared systems, equipment and components for use in laser-based enrichment plants
(442) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(443) Present systems for enrichment processes using lasers fall into two categories: those in which the process medium is atomic uranium vapor and those in which the process medium is the vapor of a uranium compound. Common nomenclature for such processes include: first category - atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS or SILVA); second category - molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS or MOLIS) and chemical reaction by isotope selective laser activation (CRISLA). The systems, equipment and components for laser enrichment plants embrace: (a) devices to feed uranium-metal vapor (for selective photo-ionization) or devices to feed the vapor of a uranium compound (for photo-dissociation or chemical activation); (b) devices to collect enriched and depleted uranium metal as ’product’ and ’tails’ in the first category, and devices to collect dissociated or reacted compounds as ’product’ and unaffected material as ’tails’ in the second category; (c) process laser systems to selectively excite the uranium-235 species; and (d) feed preparation and product conversion equipment. The complexity of the spectroscopy of uranium atoms and compounds may require incorporation of any of a number of available laser technologies.
(444) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(445) Many of the items listed in this section come into direct contact with uranium metal vapor or liquid or with process gas consisting of UF6 or a mixture of UF6 and other gases. All surfaces that come into contact with the uranium or UF6 are wholly made of or protected by corrosion-resistant materials. For the purposes of the section relating to laser-based enrichment items, the materials resistant to corrosion by the vapor or liquid of uranium metal or uranium alloys include yttria-coated graphite and tantalum; and the materials resistant to corrosion by UF6 include copper, stainless steel, aluminium, aluminium alloys, nickel or alloys containing 60% or more nickel and UF6-resistant fully fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers.
(446) 5.7.1. Uranium vaporization systems (AVLIS)
(447) Especially designed or prepared uranian vaporization systems which contain high-power strip or scanning electron beam guns with a delivered power on the target of more than 2.5 kW/cm.
(448) 5.7.2. Liquid uranium metal handling systems (AVLIS)
(449) Especially designed or prepared liquid metal handling systems for molten uranium or uranium alloys, consisting of crucibles and cooling equipment for the crucibles.
(450) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(451) The crucibles and other parts of this system that come into contact with molten uranium or uranium alloys are made of or protected by materials of suitable corrosion and heat resistance. Suitable materials include tantalum, yttria-coated graphite, graphite coated with other rare earth oxides or mixtures thereof.
(452) 5.7.3. Uranium metal ’product’ and ’tails’ collector assemblies (AVLIS)
(453) Especially designed or prepared ’product’ and ’tails’ collector assemblies for uranium metal in liquid or solid form.
(454) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(455) Components for these assemblies are made of or protected by materials resistant to the heat and corrosion of uranium metal vapor or liquid (such as yttria-coated graphite or tantalum) and may include pipes, valves, fittings, ’gutters’, feed-throughs, heat exchangers and collector plates for magnetic, electrostatic or other separation methods.
(456) 5.7.4. Separator module housings (AVLIS)
(457) Especially designed or prepared cylindrical or rectangular vessels for containing the uranium metal vapor source, the electron beam gun, and the ’product’ and ’tails’ collectors.
(458) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(459) These housings have multiplicity of ports for electrical and water feed-throughs, laser beam windows, vacuum pump connections and instrumentation diagnostics and monitoring. They have provisions for opening and closure to allow refurbishment of internal components.
(460) 5.7.5. Supersonic expansion nozzles (MLIS)
(461) Especially designed or prepared supersonic expansion nozzles for cooling mixtures of UF6 and carrier gas to 150 K or less and which are corrosion resistant to UF6.
(462) 5.7.6. Uranium pentafluoride product collectors (MLIS)
(463) Especially designed or prepared uranium pentafluoride (UF5) solid product collector consisting of filter, impact, or cyclone-type collectors, or combinations thereof, and which are corrosion resistant to the UF5/UF6 environment.
(464) 5.7.7. UF6/carrier gas compressors (MLIS)
(465) Especially designed or prepared compressors for UF6/carrier gas mixtures, designed for long term operation in a UF6 environment. The components of these compressors that come into contact with process gas are made of or protected by materials resistant to corrosion by UF6.
(466) 5.7.8. Rotary shaft seals (MLIS)
(467) Especially designed or prepared rotary shaft seals, with seal feed and seal exhaust connections, for sealing the shaft connecting the compressor rotor with the driver motor so as to ensure a reliable seal against out-leakage of process gas or in-leakage of air or seal gas into the inner chamber of the compressor which is filled with a UF6/carrier gas mixture.
(468) 5.7.9. Fluorination systems (MLIS)
(469) Especially designed or prepared systems for fluorinating UFq (solid) to UF6 (gas).
(470) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(471) These systems are designed to fluorinate the collected UF5 powder to UF6 for subsequent collection in product containers or for transfer as feed to MLIS units for additional enrichment. In one approach, the fluorination reaction may be accomplished within the isotope separation system to react and recover directly off the ’product’ collectors. In another approach, the UF5 powder may be removed/transferred &om the ’product’ collectors into a suitable reaction vessel (e.g., fluidized-bed reactor, screw reactor or flame tower) for fluorination. In both approaches, equipment for storage and transfer of fluorine (or other suitable fluorinating agents) and for collection and transfer of UF6 are used.
(472) 5.7.10. UF6 mass spectrometers/ion sources (MLIS)
(473) Especially designed or prepared magnetic or quadrupole mass spectrometers capable of taking ’on-line’ samples of feed, ’product’ or ’tails’, from UF6 gas streams and having all of the following characteristics:
(474) 1. Unit resolution for mass greater than 320;
(475) 2. Ion sources constructed of or lined with nichrome or monel or nickel plated;
(476) 3. Electron bombardment ionization sources;
(477) 4. Collector system suitable for isotopic analysis.
(478) 5.7.11. Feed systems/product and tails withdrawal systems (MLIS)
(479) Especially designed or prepared process systems or equipment for enrichment plants made of or protected by materials resistant to corrosion by UF6, including:
(480) (a) Feed autoclaves, ovens, or systems used for passing UF6 to the enrichment process;
(481) (b) Desublimers (or cold traps) used to remove UF6 from the enrichment process for subsequent transfer upon heating;
(482) (c) Solidification or liquefaction stations used to remove UF6 from the enrichmen process by compressing and converting UF6 to a liquid or solid form;
(483) (d) ’Product’ or ’tails’ stations used for transferring UF6 into containers.
(484) 5.7.12. UF6/carrier gas separation systems (MLIS)
(485) Especially designed or prepared process systems for separating UF6 from carrier gas. The carrier gas may be nitrogen, argon, or other gas.
(486) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(487) These systems may incorporate equipment such as:
(488) (a) Cryogenic heat exchangers or cryoseparators capable of temperatures of –120 C or less, or
(489) (b) Cryogenic refrigeration units capable of temperatures of –120 C or less, or
(490) (c) UF6 cold traps capable of temperatures of –20 C or less.
(491) 5.7.13. Laser systems (AVLIS, MLIS and CRISLA)
(492) Lasers or laser systems especially designed or prepared for the separation of uranium isotopes.
(493) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(494) The laser system for the AVLIS process usually consists of two lasers: a copper vapor laser and a dye laser. The laser system for MLIS usually consists of a CO2 or excimer laser and a multi-pass optical cell with revolving mirrors at both ends. Lasers or laser systems for both processes require a spectrum frequency stabilizer for operation over extended periods of time.
(495) 5.8. Especially designed or prepared systems, equipment and components for use in plasma separation enrichment plants
(496) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(497) In the plasma separation process, a plasma of uranium ions passes through an electric field tuned to the U-235 ion resonance frequency so that they preferentially absorb energy and increase the diameter of their corkscrew-like orbits. Ions with a large-diameter path are trapped to produce a product enriched in U-235. The plasma, which is made by ionizing uranium vapor, is contained in a vacuum chamber with a high-strength magnetic field produced by a superconducting magnet. The main technological systems of the process include the uranium plasma generation system, the separator module with superconducting magnet and metal removal systems for the collection of ’product’ and ’tails’.
(498) 5.8.1. Microwave power sources and antennae
(499) Especially designed or prepared microwave power sources and antennae for producing or accelerating ions and having the following characteristics: greater than 30 GHz frequency and greater than 50 kW mean power output for ion production.
(500) 5.8.2. Ion excitation coils
(501) Especially designed or prepared radio frequency ion excitation coils for frequencies of more than 100 kHz and capable of handling more than 40 kW mean power.
(502) 5.8.3. Uranium plasma generation systems
(503) Especially designed or prepared systems for the generation of uranium plasma, which may contain high-power strip or scanning electron beam guns with a delivered power on the target of more than 2.5 kW/cm.
(504) 5.8.4. Liquid uranium metal handling systems
(505) Especially designed or prepared liquid metal handling systems for molten uranium or uranium alloys, consisting of crucibles and cooling equipment for the crucibles.
(506) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(507) The crucibles and other parts of this system that come into contact with molten uranium or uranium alloys are made of or protected by materials of suitable corrosion and heat resistance. Suitable materials include tantalum, yttria-coated graphite, graphite coated with other rare earth oxides or mixtures thereof.
(508) 5.8.5. Uranium metal ’product’ and ’tails’ collector assemblies
(509) Especially designed or prepared ’product’ and ’tails’ collector assemblies for uranium metal in solid form. These collector assemblies are made of or protected by materials resistant to the heat and corrosion of uranium metal vapor, such as yttria-coated graphite or tantalum.
(510) 5.8.6. Separator module housing
(511) Cylindrical vessels especially designed or prepared for use in plasma separation enrichment plants for containing the uranium plasma source, radio-frequency drive coil and the ’product’ and ’tails’ collectors.
(512) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(513) These housings have a multiplicity of ports for electrical feed-throughs, diffusion pump connections and instrumentation diagnostics and monitoring. They have provisions for opening and closure to allow for refurbishment of internal components and are constructed of a suitable non-magnetic material such as stainless steel.
(514) 5.9. Especially designed or prepared systems, equipment and components for use in electromagnetic enrichment plants
(515) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(516) In the electromagnetic process, uranium metal ions produced by ionization of a salt feed material (typically UCl4) are accelerated and passed through a magnetic field that has the effect of causing the ions of different isotopes to follow different paths. The major components of an electromagnetic isotope separator include: a magnetic field for ion-beam diversion/separation of the isotopes, an ion source with its acceleration system, and a collection system for the separated ions. Auxiliary systems for the process include the magnet power supply system, the ion source high-voltage power supply system, the vacuum system, and extensive chemical handling systems for recovery of product and cleaning/recycling of components.
(517) 5.9.1. Electromagnetic isotope separators
(518) Electromagnetic isotope separators especially designed or prepared for the separation of uranium isotopes, and equipment and components therefor, including:
(519) (a) ion sources
(520) Especially designed or prepared single or multiple uranium ion sources consisting of a vapor source, ionizer, and beam accelerator, constructed of suitable materials such as graphite, stainless steel, or copper, and capable of providing a total ion beam current of 50 mA or greater.
(521) (b) Ion collectors
(522) Collector plates consisting of two or more slits and pockets especially designed or prepared for collection of enriched and depleted uranium ion beams and constructed of suitable materials such as graphite or stainless steel.
(523) (c) Vacuum housings
(524) Especially designed or prepared vacuum housings for uranium electromagnetic separators, constructed of suitable non-magnetic materials such as stainless steel and designed for operation at pressures of 0.1 Pa or lower.
(525) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(526) The housings are specially designed to contain the ion sources, collector plates and water-cooled liners and have provision for diffusion pump connections and opening and closure for removal and reinstallation of these components.
(527) (d) Magnet pole pieces
(528) Especially designed or prepared magnet pole pieces having a diameter greater than 2 m used to maintain a constant magnetic field within an electromagnetic isotope separator and to transfer the magnetic field between adjoining separators.
(529) 5.9.2. High voltage power supplies
(530) Especially designed or prepared high-voltage power supplies for ion sources, having all of the following characteristics: capable of continuous operation, output voltage of 20,000 V or greater, output current of 1 A or greater, and voltage regulation of better than 0.01% over a time period of 8 hours.
(531) 5.9.3. Magnet power supplies
(532) Especially designed or prepared high-power, direct current magnet power supplies having all of the following characteristics: capable of continuously producing a current output of 500 A or greater at a voltage of 100 V or greater and with a current or voltage regulation better than 0.01% over a period of 8 hours.
(533) 6. Plants for the production of heavy water, deuterium and deuterium compounds and equipment especially designed or prepared therefor
(534) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(535) Heavy water can be produced by a variety of processes. However, the two processes that have proven to be commercially viable are the water-hydrogen sulphide exchange process (GS process) and the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process.
(536) The GS process is based upon the exchange of hydrogen and deuterium between water and hydrogen sulphide within a series of towers which are operated with the top section cold and the bottom section hot. Water flows down the towers while the hydrogen sulphide gas circulates from the bottom to the top of the towers. A series of perforated trays are used to promote mixing between the gas and the water. Deuterium migrates to the water at low temperatures and to the hydrogen sulphide at high temperatures. Gas or water, enriched in deuterium, is removed from the first stage towers at the junction of the hot and cold sections and the process is repeated in subsequent stage towers. The product of the last stage, water enriched up to 30% in deuterium, is sent to a distillation unit to produce reactor grade heavy water, i.e., 99.75% deuterium oxide.
(537) The ammonia-hydrogen exchange process can extract deuterium from synthesis gas through contact with liquid ammonia in the presence of a catalyst. The synthesis gas is fed into exchange towers and to an ammonia converter. Inside the towers the gas flows from the bottom to the top while the liquid ammonia flows from the top to the bottom. The deuterium is stripped &om the hydrogen in the synthesis gas and concentrated in the ammonia. The ammonia then flows into an ammonia cracker at the bottom of the tower while the gas flows into an ammonia converter at the top. Further enrichment takes place in subsequent stages and reactor grade heavy water is produced through final distillation. The synthesis gas feed can be provided by an ammonia plant that, in turn, can be constructed in association with a heavy water ammonia-hydrogen exchange plant. The ammonia-hydrogen exchange process can also use ordinary water as a feed source of deuterium.
(538) Many of the key equipment items for heavy water production plants using GS or the ammonia-hydrogen exchange processes are common to several segments of the chemical and petroleum industries. This is particularly so for small plants using the GS process. However, few of the items are available ”off-the-shelf’. The GS and ammonia-hydrogen processes require the handling of large quantities of flammable, corrosive and toxic fluids at elevated pressures. Accordingly, in establishing the design and operating standards for plants and equipment using these processes, careful attention to the materials selection and specifications is required to ensure long service life with high safety and reliability factors. The choice of scale is primarily a function of economics and need. Thus, most of the equipment items would be prepared according to the requirements of the customer.
(539) Finally, it should be noted that, in both the GS and the ammonia-hydrogen exchange processes, items of equipment which individually are not especially designed or prepared for heavy water production can be assembled into systems which are especially designed or prepared for producing heavy water. The catalyst production system used in the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process and water distillation systems used for the final concentration of heavy water to reactor-grade in either process are examples of such systems.
(540) The items of equipment which are especially designed or prepared for the production of heavy water utilizing either the water-hydrogen sulphide exchange process or the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process include the following:
(541) 6.1. Water - Hydrogen Sulphide Exchange Towers
(542) Exchange towers fabricated from fine carbon steel (such as ASTM A516) with diameters of 6 m (20 ft) to 9 m (30 ft), capable of operating at pressures greater than or equal to 2 MPa (300 psi) and with a corrosion allowance of 6 mm or greater, especially designed or prepared for heavy water production utilizing the water-hydrogen sulphide exchange process.
(543) 6.2. Blowers and Compressors
(544) Single stage, low head (i.e., 0.2 MPa or 30 psi) centrifugal blowers or compressors for hydrogen-sulphide gas circulation (i.e., gas containing more than 70% H2S) especially designed or prepared for heavy water production utilizing the water-hydrogen sulphide exchange process. These blowers or compressors have a throughput capacity greater than or equal to 56 m3/second (120,000 SCFM) while operating at pressures greater than or equal to 1.8 MPa (260 psi) suction and have seals designed for wet H2S service.
(545) 6.3. Ammonia-Hydrogen Exchange Towers
(546) Ammonia-hydrogen exchange towers greater than or equal to 35 m (114.3 ft) in height with diameters of 1.5 m (4.9 ft) to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) capable of operating at pressures greater than 15 MPa (2225 psi) especially designed or prepared for heavy water production utilizing the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process. These towers also have at least one flanged axial opening of the same diameter as the cylindrical part through which the tower internals can be inserted or withdrawn.
(547) 6.4. Tower Internals and Stage Pumps
(548) Tower internals and stage pumps especially designed or prepared for towers for heavy water production utilizing the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process. Tower internals include especially designed stage contactors which promote intimate gas/liquid contact. Stage pumps include especially designed submersible pumps for circulation of liquid ammonia within a contacting stage internal to the stage towers.
(549) 6.5. Ammonia Crackers
(550) Ammonia crackers with operating pressures greater than or equal to 3 MPa (450 psi) especially designed or prepared for heavy water production utilizing the ammonia- hydrogen exchange process.
(551) 6.6. Infrared Absorption Analyzers
(552) Infrared absorption analyzers capable of ”on-line” hydrogen/deuterium ratio analysis where deuterium concentrations are equal to or greater than 90%.
(553) 6.7. Catalytic Burners
(554) Catalytic burners for the conversion of enriched deuterium gas into heavy water especially designed or prepared for heavy water production utilizing the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process.
(555) 7. Plants for the conversion of uranium and equipment especially designed or prepared therefor
(556) INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(557) Uranium conversion plants and systems may perform one or more transformations from one uranium chemical species to another, including: conversion of uranium ore concentrates to UO3, conversion of UO3 to UO2, conversion of uranium oxides to UF4 or UF6, conversion of UF4 to UF6, conversion of UF6 to UF4, conversion of UF4 to uranium metal, and conversion of uranium fluorides to UO2. Many of the key equipment items for uranium conversion plants are common to several segments of the chemical process industry. For example, the types of equipment employed in these processes may include: furnaces, rotary kilns, fluidized bed reactors, flame tower reactors, liquid centrifuges, distillation columns and liquid-liquid extraction columns. However, few of the items are available ”off-the-shelf’, most would be prepared according to the requirements and specifications of the customer. In some instances, special design and construction considerations are required to address the corrosive properties of some of the chemicals handled (HF, F2, ClF3, and uranium fluorides). Finally, it should be noted that, in all of the uranium conversion processes, items of equipment which individually are not especially designed or prepared for uranium conversion can be assembled into systems which are especially designed or prepared for use in uranium conversion.
(558) 7.1. Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of uranium ore concentrates to UO3
(559) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(560) Conversion of uranium ore concentrates to UO3 can be performed by first dissolving the ore in nitric acid and extracting purified uranyl nitrate using a solvent such as tributyl phosphate. Next, the uranyl nitrate is converted to UO3 either by concentration and denitration or by neutralization with gaseous ammonia to produce ammonium diuranate with subsequent filtering, drying, and calcining.
(561) 7.2. Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UO3 to UF6
(562) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(563) Conversion of UO3 to UF6 can be performed directly by fluorination. The process requires a source of fluorine gas or chlorine trifluoride.
(564) 7.3. Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UO3 to UO2
(565) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(566) Conversion of UO3 to UO2 can be performed through reduction of UO3 with cracked ammonia gas or hydrogen.
(567) 7.4. Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UOq to UF4
(568) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(569) Conversion of UO2 to UF4 can be performed by reacting UO2 with hydrogen fluoride gas (HF) at 300–500 C.
(570) 7.5. Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UF4 to UF6
(571) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(572) Conversion of UF4 to UF6 is performed by exothermic reaction with fluorine in a tower reactor. UF6 is condensed from the hot effluent gases by passing the effluent stream through a cold trap cooled to –10 C. The process requires a source of fluorine gas.
(573) 7.6. Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UF4 to U metal
(574) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(575) Conversion of UF4 to U metal is performed by reduction with magnesium (large batches) or calcium (small batches). The reaction is carried out at temperatures above the melting point of uranium (1130 C).
(576) 7.7. Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UF6 to UO2
(577) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(578) Conversion of UF6 to UO2 can be performed by one of three processes. In the first, UF6 is reduced and hydrolyzed to UO2 using hydrogen and steam. In the second, UF6 is hydrolyzed by solution in water, ammonia is added to precipitate ammonium diuranate, and the diuranate is reduced to UO2 with hydrogen at 820 C. In the third process, gaseous UF6, CO2, and NH3 are combined in water, precipitating ammonium uranyl carbonate, The ammonium uranyl carbonate is combined with steam and hydrogen at 500–600 C to yield UO2.
(579) UF6 to UO2 conversion is often performed as the first stage of a fuel fabrication plant.
(580) 7.8. Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UF6 to UF4
(581) EXPLANATORY NOTE
(582) Conversion of UF6 to UF4 is performed by reduction with hydrogen.
(583) DODATNI PROTOKOL IZMEĐU REPUBLIKE SRBIJE I MEĐUNARODNE AGENCIJE ZA ATOMSKU ENERGIJU UZ SPORAZUM IZMEĐU SOCIJALISTIČKE FEDERATIVNE REPUBLIKE JUGOSLAVIJE I MEĐUNARODNE AGENCIJE ZA ATOMSKU ENERGIJU O PRIMENI GARANTIJA U VEZI SA UGOVOROM O NEŠIRENJU NUKLEARNOG ORUŽJA
(584) S OBZIROM NA TO DA su Republika Srbija (u daljem tekstu: „Srbija”) i Međunarodna agencija za atomsku energiju (u daljem tekstu: „Agencija”) strane u Sporazumu o primeni garantija u vezi sa Ugovorom o neširenju nuklearnog oružja (u daljem tekstu: „Sporazum o garantijama”), koji je stupio na snagu 28. decembra 1973. godine;
(585) SVESNI želje međunarodne zajednice za daljim unapređenjem neširenja nuklearnog oružja, povećanjem delotvornosti i poboljšanjem efikasnosti sistema garantija Agencije;
(586) PODSEĆAJUĆI da Agencija, pri sprovođenju garantija, mora uzeti u obzir potrebu da se: izbegne ometanje privrednog i tehnološkog razvoja Srbije ili međunarodne saradnje u oblasti nuklearnih aktivnosti u mirnodopske svrhe; vodi računa o zdravlju, sigurnosti, fizičkoj zaštiti i drugim odredbama o bezbednosti koje su na snazi, kao i pravima pojedinaca; preduzima sve mere predostrožnosti za zaštitu poslovnih, tehnoloških i industrijskih tajni, kao i drugih poverljivih informacija koje sazna;
(587) S OBZIROM NA TO DA učestalost i intenzitet aktivnosti opisanih u ovom protokolu treba da budu svedene na minimum dosledno cilju povećanja delotvornosti i poboljšanja efikasnosti garantija Agencije;
(588) NA OSNOVU GORE NAVEDENOG Srbija i Agencija su se dogovorile o sledećem:
(1) Za potrebe ovog protokola:
(2) a. Istraživačke i razvojne aktivnosti u vezi s nuklearnim gorivnim ciklusom jesu one aktivnosti koje se posebno odnose na svaki proces ili aspekt razvoja sistema nečeg od navedenog:
(3) – konverzija nuklearnog materijala,
(4) – obogaćivanje nuklearnog materijala,
(5) – proizvodnja nuklearnog goriva,
(6) – reaktori,
(7) – kritična postrojenja,
(8) – prerada nuklearnog goriva,
(9) – obrada (ne obuhvata prepakivanje ili kondicioniranje koje ne uključuje separaciju elemenata, radi skladištenja ili odlaganja) srednjeg ili visoko radioaktivnog otpada koji sadrži plutonijum, visoko obogaćeni uranijum ili uranijum-233,
(10) ali ne obuhvata aktivnosti povezane sa teorijskim ili osnovnim naučnim istraživanjem ili istraživanjem i razvojem industrijske primene radioizotopa, primene u medicini, hidrologiji i poljoprivredi, uticaje na zdravlje i životnu sredinu, kao ni unapređeno (tehničko) održavanje;
(11) b. Lokalitet je ona oblast koju Srbija odredi u relevantnim projektnim informacijama za postrojenje, uključujući zatvoreno postrojenje, i u relevantnim informacijama o lokaciji izvan postrojenja gde se nuklearni materijal uobičajeno koristi, uključujući zatvorenu lokaciju izvan postrojenja, gde je nuklearni materijal uobičajeno bio korišćen (ovo se ograničava na lokacije sa vrućim ćelijama ili lokacije gde su sprovođene aktivnosti povezane sa konverzijom, obogaćivanjem, proizvodnjom goriva ili preradom). On takođe obuhvata sve objekte, povezane sa postrojenjem ili lokacijom, za pružanje ili korišćenje neophodnih usluga, uključujući: vruće ćelije za obradu ozračenih materijala koji ne sadrže nuklearni materijal; objekte za tretman, skladištenje i odlaganje otpada; i zgrade povezane sa detaljno navedenim aktivnostima koje je Srbija navela na osnovu člana 2.a.(iv);
(12) c. Postrojenje stavljeno van funkcije ili lokacija izvan postrojenja stavljena van funkcije jeste objekat ili lokacija na kojoj su preostale konstrukcije i oprema neophodna za njihovo korišćenje, uklonjeni ili učinjeni neupotrebljivim tako da se ne koriste za skladištenje i ne mogu više biti upotrebljeni za rukovanje, obradu ili korišćenje nuklearnog materijala;
(13) d. Zatvoreno postrojenje ili zatvorena lokacija izvan postrojenja je objekat ili lokacija na kojoj su operacije obustavljene i nuklearni materijal uklonjen, ali nije stavljena van funkcije;
(14) e. Visoko obogaćeni uranijum je uranijum koji sadrži 20 ili više procenata izotopa uranijuma-235;
(15) f. Uzimanje uzoraka iz životne sredine na posebnoj lokaciji je uzimanje uzoraka iz životne sredine (npr. vazduha, vode, vegetacije, zemljišta, briseva) na lokaciji ili neposrednoj blizini lokacije koju utvrdi Agencija za potrebe pružanja pomoći Agenciji da donese zaključke o nepostojanju neprijavljenog nuklearnog materijala ili nuklearnih aktivnosti na naznačenoj lokaciji;
(16) g. Uzimanje uzoraka iz životne sredine sa šireg područja je uzimanje uzoraka iz životne sredine (npr. vazduha, vode, vegetacije, zemljišta, briseva) na skupu lokacija koje utvrdi Agencija za potrebe pružanja pomoći Agenciji da donese zaključke o nepostojanju neprijavljenog nuklearnog materijala ili nuklearnih aktivnosti na širem području;
(17) h. Nuklearni materijal je svaki izvorni ili specijalni fisibilni materijal, kako je definisano u članu XX Statuta. Izraz „izvorni materijal” ne sme se tumačiti kao da se odnosi na rudu ili rudne ostatke. Svaka odluka Saveta prema članu XX Statuta Agencije, a nakon stupanja ovog protokola na snagu, kojom se dodaju materijali koji se smatraju izvornim materijalima ili specijalnim fisibilnim materijalima, imaće dejstvo po ovom protokolu samo nakon prihvatanja od strane Srbije;
(18) i. Postrojenje je:
(19) (i) Reaktor, kritično postrojenje, postrojenje za konverziju, postrojenje za proizvodnju, postrojenje za preradu, postrojenje za separaciju izotopa ili poseban objekat za skladištenje; ili
(20) (ii) svaka lokacija na kojoj se uobičajeno koristi nuklearni materijal u količinama većim od jednog efektivnog kilograma.
(21) j. Lokacija izvan postrojenja je svaki objekat ili lokacija, koja nije postrojenje, gde se nuklearni materijal uobičajeno koristi u količinama od jednog efektivnog kilograma ili manje.
(22) SAČINJENO u Beogradu, trećeg dana jula 2009. godine, u dva primerka, na engleskom jeziku.
(23) U ime REPUBLIKE SRBIJE
(24) Potpis
(25) U ime MEĐUNARODNE AGENCIJE ZA ATOMSKU ENERGIJU
(26) Potpis
(27) ANEKS I
(28) SPISAK AKTIVNOSTI NAVEDENIH U ČLANU 2.a.(iv) PROTOKOLA
(29) (i) Izrada rotorskih cevi centrifuge ili montaža gasnih centrifuga.
(30) Rotorske cevi centrifuga su cilindri tankih zidova kako je opisano u tački 5.1.1.(b) Aneksa II.
(31) Gasne centrifuge su centrifuge kako je opisano u uvodnoj napomeni tačke 5.1. Aneksa II.
(32) (ii) Izrada pregrada za gasnu difuziju.
(33) Pregrade za gasnu difuziju su tanki, porozni filteri kako je opisano u tački 5.3.1.(a) Aneksa II.
(34) (iii) Izrada ili montaža laserskih sistema.
(35) Laserski sistemi su sistemi koji obuhvataju stavke opisane u tački 5.7. Aneksa II.
(36) (iv) Izrada ili montaža elektromagnetnih separatora izotopa.
(37) Elektromagnetni separatori izotopa su stavke navedene u tački 5.9.1. Aneksa II koji sadrže jonske izvore kako je opisano u tački 5.9.1.(a) Aneksa II.
(38) (v) Izrada ili montaža kolona ili opreme za ekstrakciju.
(39) Kolone ili oprema za ekstrakciju su stavke koje su opisane u tačkama 5.6.1., 5.6.2., 5.6.3., 5.6.5., 5.6.6., 5.6.7. i 5.6.8. Aneksa II.
(40) (vi) Izrada mlaznica za aerodinamičku separaciju ili vrtložnih cevi.
(41) Mlaznice za aerodinamičku separaciju ili vrtložne cevi su separacione mlaznice i vrtložne cevi opisane u tačkama 5.5.1. i 5.5.2. Aneksa II, respektivno.
(42) (vii) Izrada ili montaža sistema za generisanje plazme uranijuma.
(43) Sistemi za generisanje plazme uranijuma su sistemi za stvaranje plazme uranijuma kako je opisano u tački 5.8.3. Aneksa II.
(44) (viii) Proizvodnja cevi od cirkonijuma.
(45) Cevi od cirkonijuma su cevi opisane u tački 1.6. Aneksa II.
(46) (ix) Proizvodnja ili poboljšanje kvaliteta teške vode ili deuterijuma.
(47) Teška voda ili deuterijum je deuterijum, teška voda (oksid deuterijuma) i bilo koje drugo jedinjenje deuterijuma u kojem je odnos broja atoma deuterijuma i vodonika veći od 1:5000.
(48) (x) Izrada grafita nuklearne čistoće.
(49) Grafit nuklearne čistoće je grafit koji ima stepen čistoće veći od 5 delova na milion ’bor-ekvivalenta’ i gustinu veću od 1,50 g/cm3.
(50) (xi) Proizvodnja posuda za ozračeno gorivo.
(51) Posuda za ozračeno gorivo je sud za transport odnosno skladištenje ozračenog goriva koja pruža hemijsku, termičku i radiološku zaštitu i koja tokom rukovanja, transporta i skladištenja odaje toplotu radioaktivnog raspada.
(52) (xii) Izrada reaktorskih kontrolnih šipki za reaktor.
(53) Kontrolne šipke za reaktor su šipke kako je opisano u tački 1.4. Aneksa II.
(54) (xiii) Izrada rezervoara i sudova sigurnih u pogledu kritičnosti.
(55) Rezervoari i sudovi sigurni u pogledu kritičnosti su stavke koje su opisane u tačkama 3.2. i 3.4. Aneksa II.
(56) (xiv) Izrada mašina za cepanje ozračenih gorivnih elemenata.
(57) Mašine za cepanje ozračenih gorivnih elemenata su oprema kako je opisano u tački 3.1. Aneksa II.
(58) (xv) Izgradnja vrućih ćelija.
(59) Vruće ćelije su ćelija ili međusobno povezane ćelije ukupne zapremine od najmanje 6 m3 sa slojem zaštite koji je jednak ili veći od ekvivalenta 0,5 m betona gustine 3,2 g/cm3 ili veće, opremljene uređajima za daljinske operacije.
(60) ANEKS II
(61) SPISAK POSEBNE OPREME I NENUKLEARNOG MATERIJALA ZA IZVEŠTAVANJE O IZVOZU I UVOZU U SKLADU SA ČLANOM 2.a.(ih)
(62) 1. Reaktori i oprema za njih
(63) 1.1. Kompletni nuklearni reaktori
(64) Nuklearni reaktori koji mogu da rade tako da održavaju kontrolisanu samoodrživu lančanu reakciju fisije, isključujući reaktore nulte snage, definisane kao reaktore sa projektovanom maksimalnom količinom proizvodnje plutonijuma koja ne prelazi 100 grama godišnje.
(65) OBJAŠNJENJE
(66) „Nuklearni reaktor” u osnovi obuhvata elemente unutar reaktorskog suda ili direktno priključene na njega, opremu koja reguliše stepen snage u jezgru i komponente koje obično sadrže primarni hladilac jezgra reaktora odnosno koje dolaze u direktan kontakt sa njim ili ga kontrolišu.
(67) Nije namera da se isključe raektori koji se razumno mogu modifikovati za proizvodnju znatno više od 100 grama plutonijuma godišnje. Reaktori projektovani za kontinualan rad na znatnim nivoima snage, bez obzira na njihov kapacitet za proizvodnju plutonijuma, ne smatraju se „reaktorima nulte snage”.
(68) 1.2. Reaktorski sudovi pod pritiskom
(69) Metalni sudovi, kao kompletne jedinice ili kao značajni radionički izrađeni delovi za njih, posebno su projektovani ili pripremljeni tako da sadrže jezgro nuklearnog reaktora kako je definisano u stavu 1.1. i mogu izdržati radni pritisak primarnog hladioca.
(70) OBJAŠNJENJE
(71) Gornja ploča reaktorske posude pod pritiskom obuhvaćena je tačkom 1.2. i predstavlja značajniji radionički izrađen deo suda pod pritiskom.
(72) Unutrašnje delove reaktora (npr. noseće kolone i ploče za jezgro i druge unutrašnje delove suda, cevi za vođenje kontrolnih šipki, termičke štitove, pregrade, ploče za rešetku jezgra, ploče difuzora, itd.) obično isporučuje dobavljač reaktora. U nekim slučajevima, određene unutrašnje noseće komponente su uključene u izradu suda pod pritiskom. Ti elementi su od dovoljne važnosti za sigurnost i pouzdanost rada reaktora (pa stoga i za garancije i odgovornost dobavljača reaktora), tako da njihova isporuka izvan osnovnog ugovora za isporuku reaktora ne bi bila uobičajena praksa. Prema tome, iako zasebna isporuka ovih jedinstvenih, posebno projektovanih i izrađenih, kritičnih, velikih i skupih elemenata ne bi nužno bila smatrana za nešto izvan područja od interesa, takav način isporuke se ne smatra verovatnim.
(73) 1.3. Uređaji za punjenje i uklanjanje reaktorskog goriva
(74) Oprema za rukovanje posebno projektovana ili pripremljena za punjenje ili uklanjanje goriva iz nuklearnog reaktora, kako je definisano u stavu 1.1. sposobna za operaciju utovara, ili primenjujući tehnički sofisticirano pozicioniranje ili centriranje kako bi se omogućile složene operacije istovara goriva, gde direktno posmatranje ili pristup gorivu obično nije moguć.
(75) 1.4. Reaktorske kontrolne šipke
(76) Šipke posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za kontrolu brzine reakcije u nuklearnom reaktoru kako je definisano u stavu 1.1.
(77) OBJAŠNJENJE
(78) Ova tačka obuhvata, pored dela za apsorpciju neutrona, noseću konstrukciju ili konstrukciju za vešanje, ako su isporučene zasebno.
(79) 1.5. Reaktorske cevi pod pritiskom
(80) Cevi koje su posebno projektovane ili pripremljene tako da drže gorivne elemente i primarni hladilac u reaktoru, kako je definisano u stavu 1.1. pod radnim pritiskom većim od 5.1 MRa (740 psi).
(81) 1.6. Cevi od cirkonijuma
(82) Metal i legure cirkonijuma u obliku cevi ili sklopovi cevi u količinama većim od 500 kg u bilo kom periodu od 12 meseci, posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za korišćenje u reaktoru, kako je difinisano u navedenom stavu 1.1. i kod kojih je odnos hafnijuma prema cirkonijumu manji od 1:500 težinskih delova.
(83) 1.7. Pumpe za primarni hladilac
(84) Pumpe posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za cirkulaciju primarnog rashladnog sredstva u nuklearnim reaktorima, kako je definisano u navedenoj tački 1.1.
(85) OBJAŠNJENJE
(86) Posebno projektovane ili pripremljene pumpe mogu obuhvatati složene zaptivne ili višestruko zaptivene sisteme kako bi se sprečilo curenje primarnog hladioca, hermetički zatvorene pumpe i pumpe sa inercijalnim sistemima. Ova definicija se odnosi na pumpe sertifikovane prema NC-1 ili ekvivalentnim standardima.
(87) 2. Nenuklearni materijali za reaktore
(88) 2.1. Deuterijum i teška voda
(89) Deuterijum, teška voda (deuterijum oksid) i bilo koje drugo jedinjenje deuterijuma u kojem je odnos broja atoma deuterijuma i vodonika veći od 1:5000 za upotrebu u nuklearnom reaktoru, kako je definisano u stavu 1.1. u količinama koje prelaze 200 kg atoma deuterijuma za svaku zemlju primaoca u bilo kom periodu od 12 meseci.
(90) 2.2. Grafit za nuklearnu primenu
(91) Grafit koji ima nivo čistoće bolji od 5 ppm bor-ekvivalenta i gustinu veću od 1,50 g/cm3 za upotrebu u nuklearnom reaktoru, kako je definisano u navedenom stavu 1.1. u količinama koje prelaze 3 x 104 kg (30 metričkih tona) za svaku zemlju primaoca u bilo kom periodu od 12 meseci.
(92) NAPOMENA
(93) Za potrebe izveštavanja, Vlada će utvrditi da li se grafit, prema gore navedenim zahtevima, izvozi za upotrebu u nuklearnom reaktoru.
(94) 3. Postrojenja za preradu ozračenih gorivnih elemenata i oprema posebno projektovana i pripremljena za tu namenu
(95) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(96) Preradom ozračenog nuklearnog goriva odvaja se plutonijum i uranijum od visokoradioaktivnih fisionih produkata i drugih transuranijumskih elemenata. Ovo odvajanje se može postići različitim tehničkim postupcima. Međutim, već godinama Purex (eng. plutonium uranium redox extraction) je najčešće korišćen i prihvaćen postupak. Purex obuhvata rastvaranje ozračenog nuklearnog goriva u azotnoj kiselini, nakon čega sledi razdvajanje uranijuma, plutonijuma i fisionih produkata pomoću selektivne ekstrakcije rastvarača, korišćenjem mešavine tributil fosfata u organskom razređivaču.
(97) Purex postrojenja imaju međusobno slične procesne funkcije, uključujući: rezanje ozračenog gorivnog elementa, rastvaranje goriva, ekstrakciju rastvarača i postupak skladištenja tečnosti. Takođe mogu imati opremu za termičku denitraciju uranijum nitrata, konverziju plutonijum nitrata u oksid ili metal i obradu otpadnih tečnosti sa fisionim produktima u oblik pogodan za dugotrajno skladištenje ili odlaganje. Međutim, specifičan tip i oblik opreme za izvođenje tih operacija može se razlikovati kod različitih Purex postrojenja iz nekoliko razloga, uključujući tip i količinu ozračenog nuklearnog goriva za ponovnu preradu i namenu ovako dobijenih materijala i filozofiju sigurnosti i održavanja ugrađenu u projekat postrojenja.
(98) „Postrojenje za preradu ozračenih gorivnih elemenata” obuhvata opremu i komponente koje obično dolaze u direktan kontakt sa ozračenim gorivom i direktno kontrolišu ozračeno gorivo i procesne tokove nuklearnog materijala i fisionih produkata.
(99) Ovi procesi, uključujući kompletne sisteme za konverziju plutonijuma i proizvodnju metala plutonijuma, mogu biti određeni merama preduzetim kako bi se izbegla kritičnost (npr. putem geometrije), izloženosti zračenju (npr. putem zaštite od zračenja) i toksičnost (npr. lokalizacijom).
(100) Delovi opreme za koje se podrazumeva da su obuhvaćene značenjem izraz „i oprema posebno projektovana ili pripremljena” za preradu ozračenih gorivnih elemenata obuhvataju sledeće:
(101) 3.1. Mašine za rezanje ozračenih gorivnih elemenata
(102) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(103) Ova oprema probija košuljicu goriva kako bi se ozračeni nuklearni materijal podvrgao rastvaranju. Najčešće se koriste posebno dizajnirane velike makaze za sečenje metala, iako se može koristiti i savremena oprema, kao što je laser.
(104) Daljinski upravljana oprema posebno projektovana ili pripremljena za upotrebu u gore navedenom postrojenju za preradu, a namenjena je za sečenje, rezanje ili seckanje ozračenih nuklearnih gorivnih sklopova, snopova ili šipki.
(105) 3.2. Posude za rastvaranje
(106) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(107) Posude za rastvaranje obično primaju usitnjeno istrošeno gorivo. U tim posudama sigurnim u pogledu kritičnosti ozračeni nuklearni materijal se rastvara u azotnoj kiselini, a preostale ljuske se odstranjuju iz procesnog toka.
(108) Rezervoari sigurni u pogledu kritičnosti (npr. rezervoari malog prečnika, prstenasti ili pločasti) koji su posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za upotrebu u postrojenju za preradu, kako je gore navedeno, namenjeni za rastvaranje ozračenog nuklearnog goriva, koji su u stanju da izdrže tople, visokokorozivne tečnosti, a koji se mogu puniti i održavati daljinskom kontrolom.
(109) 3.3. Ekstraktori sa rastvaračima i oprema za ekstrakciju rastvaračima
(110) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(111) Ekstraktori sa rastvaračima primaju i rastvor ozračenog goriva iz posuda za rastvaranje i organski rastvor koji razdvaja uranijum, plutonijum i fisione produkte. Oprema za ekstrakciju rastvaračima se obično projektuje tako da ispunjava stroge radne parametre, kao što je dug radni vek bez zahteva za održavanjem ili pogodnost za jednostavnu zamenu, jednostavnost rada i kontrole, te fleksibilnost na promene uslova procesa.
(112) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni ekstraktori sa rastvaračima, kao što su punjene ili pulsirajuće kolone, taložne mešalice ili centrifugalni kontaktori za upotrebu u postrojenju za preradu ozračenog goriva. Ekstraktori sa rastvaračima moraju biti otporni na korozivno dejstvo azotne kiseline. Ekstraktori sa rastvaračima su obično napravljeni po izuzetno visokim standardima (uključujući posebne tehnike zavarivanja i inspekcije, osiguranja kvaliteta i kontrole kvaliteta), od nerđajućeg čelika sa niskim sadržajem ugljenika, titanijuma, cirkonijuma ili nekog drugog visokokvalitetnog materijala.
(113) 3.4. Sudovi za držanje ili skladištenje hemikalija
(114) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(115) Kao rezultat faze ekstrakcije rastvaračima nastaju tri glavna procesna tečna toka. Sudovi za držanje ili skladištenje se koriste u daljoj preradi sva tri toka na sledeći način:
(116) (a) Čisti rastvor uranijumovog nitrata se koncentruje isparavanjem i prelazi u proces denitracije gde se pretvara u uranijum oksid. Taj oksid se ponovo koristi u nuklearnom gorivnom ciklusu.
(117) (b) Rastvor visoko radioaktivnih fisionih produkata obično se koncentruje isparavanjem i skladišti kao tečni koncentrat. Ovaj koncentrat se može kasnije isparavati i konvertovati u oblik prikladan za skladištenje ili odlaganje.
(118) (v) Čisti rastvor plutonijum nitrata se koncentruje i skladišti do njegovog prenosa u dalje procesne faze. Sudovi za držanje ili skladištenje rastvora plutonijuma su naročito projektovani kako bi se izbegli problemi kritičnosti koji su posledica promene u koncentraciji i obliku ovog toka.
(119) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sudovi za držanje ili skladištenje i korišćenje u postrojenju za preradu ozračenog goriva. Sudovi za držanje ili skladištenje moraju biti otporni na korozivno dejstvo azotne kiseline. Sudovi za držanje ili skladištenje se obično izrađuju od materijala kao što je nerđajući čelik sa niskim sadržajem ugljenika, titanijum ili cirkonijum ili drugi visoko kvalitetni materijali. Sudovi za držanje ili skladištenje mogu biti projektovani za daljinsko upravljanje i održavanje i mogu imati sledeće karakteristike za kontrolu nuklearne kritičnosti:
(1) zidove ili unutrašnje konstrukcije sa bor-ekvivalentom od najmanje dva procenta, ili
(2) maksimalni prečnik od 175 mm (17 in) za cilindrične sudove, ili
(3) maksimalnu širinu od 75 mm (3 in) za pločasti ili prstenasti sud.
(123) 3.5. Sistem za konverziju plutonijum nitrata u oksid
(124) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(125) U većini postrojenja za preradu, ovaj završni proces obuhvata konverziju rastvora plutonijum nitrata u plutonijum dioksid. Glavne funkcije u ovom procesu su: skladištenje i podešavanje materijala za napajanje procesa, taloženje i separacija čvrste/tečne faze, kalcinacija, rukovanje proizvodom, provetravanje, upravljanje otpadom i kontrola procesa.
(126) Kompletni sistemi, posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za konverziju plutonijum nitrata u plutonijum oksid, posebno prilagođeni tako da se izbegne kritičnost i efekti zračenja, a opasnost od toksičnosti svede na najmanju meru.
(127) 3.6. Sistem za proizvodnju metala plutonijuma iz plutonijum oksida
(128) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(129) Ovaj proces, koji bi mogao biti povezan sa postrojenjem za preradu, obuhvata fluorovanje plutonijum dioksida, obično sa visoko korozivnim fluorovodonikom, zbog proizvodnje plutonijum fluorida koji se kasnije redukuje pomoću metala kalcijuma visoke čistoće za proizvodnju metalnog plutonijuma i šljake kalcijum fluorida. Glavne funkcije obuhvaćene ovim procesom su: fluorovanje (npr. uključuje opremu proizvedenu ili obloženu plemenitim metalom), redukcija metala (npr. korišćenjem keramičkih tiglova), regeneracija šljake, rukovanje proizvodom, provetravanje, upravljanje otpadom i kontrola procesa.
(130) Kompletni sistemi, posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za proizvodnju metala plutonijuma, naročito prilagođeni kako bi se izbegla kritičnost i efekti zračenja, a opasnosti od toksičnosti svele na najmanju meru.
(131) 4. Postrojenja za proizvodnju gorivnih elemenata
(132) „Postrojenje za proizvodnju gorivnih elemenata” obuhvata opremu:
(133) (a) koja obično dolazi u direktan dodir sa proizvodnim tokom nuklearnog materijala ili ga direktno prerađuje ili kontroliše, ili
(134) (b) koja zaptiva nuklearni materijal unutar košuljice.
(135) 5. Postrojenja za separaciju izotopa uranijuma i oprema, osim analitičkih instrumenata, posebno projektovana ili pripremljena u tu svrhu
(136) Stavke opreme koje se smatraju obuhvaćenim značenjem izraza „oprema, osim analitičkih instrumenata, posebno projektovana ili izrađena” za separaciju izotopa uranijuma su:
(137) 5.1. Gasne centrifuge i sklopovi i komponente posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za upotrebu u gasnim centrifugama
(138) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(139) Gasna centrifuga se obično sastoji od cilindra (cilindara) sa tankim zidovima prečnika između 75 mm (3 in) i 400 mm (16 in) koji se nalazi u vakuumu i okreće velikom perifernom brzinom od 300 m/s ili većom oko svoje centralne vertikalne ose. Da bi se postigla velika brzina, materijali za izradu rotacionih komponenata moraju biti visokog odnosa čvrstoće i gustine, a rotorski sklop, pa stoga i njegove pojedinačne komponente, moraju biti izrađeni sa veoma malim tolerancijama kako bi se neravnoteža svela na minimum. Za razliku od drugih centrifuga, kod gasnih centrifuga za obogaćivanje uranijuma karakteristično je to da u komori rotora postoji rotirajuća pregrada (ili više njih) u obliku diska, a raspored stacionarnih cevi za dovod i ekstrakciju gasa UF6, sa najmanje 3 zasebna kanala, od kojih su 2 povezana sa lopaticama koje se protežu od osovine rotora prema obodu komore rotora. U vakuumskoj sredini se takođe nalazi određeni broj kritičnih elemenata koji se ne okreću i koje, iako su posebno projektovani, nije teško izraditi niti se izrađuju od unikatnih materijala. Međutim, postrojenje centrifuge zahteva veliki broj tih komponenata tako da količine mogu pružiti važnu naznaku krajnje upotrebe.
(140) 5.1.1. Rotirajuće komponente
(141) (a) Kompletni sklopovi rotora:
(142) Cilindri tankih zidova ili nekoliko međusobno povezanih cilindara tankih zidova, izrađenih od jednog ili više materijala visokog odnosa čvrstoće i gustine opisanih u OBJAŠNJENJU iz ovog odeljka. Ako se međusobno povezuju, cilindri se spajaju pomoću fleksibilnih mehova ili prstenova, kako je opisano u sledećem odeljku 5.1.1.(v). Rotor je opremljen unutrašnjom pregradom (ili više njih) i poklopcima, kako je opisano u sledećem odeljku 5.1.1.(g) i (d), ako je u konačnom obliku. Međutim, kompletan sklop se može isporučiti samo kao delimično montiran.
(143) (b) Rotorske cevi:
(144) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni cilindri tankih zidova debljine 12 mm (0.5 in) ili manje, prečnika između 75 mm (13 in) i 400 mm (16 in), proizvedeni od jednog ili više materijala visokog odnosa čvrstoće i gustine, koji su opisani u OBJAŠNJENJU iz ovog odeljka.
(145) (v) Prstenovi ili mehovi:
(146) Komponente posebno projektovane ili pripremljene tako da stvore lokalni oslonac za rotorsku cev ili da povezuju više rotorskih cevi. Meh je kratki cilindar debljine zida 3 mm (0.12 in) ili manje, prečnika između 75 mm (3 in) i 400 mm (16 in), koji ima nabore, a izrađen je od materijala visokog odnosa čvrstoće i gustine, koji su opisani u OBJAŠNJENJU iz ovog odeljka.
(147) (g) Pregrade:
(148) Komponente u obliku diska prečnika između 75 mm (3 in) i 400 mm (16 in), posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za ugradnju unutar rotorske cevi centrifuge, kako bi se izolovala odvodna komora od glavne separacione komore, kao i da u nekim slučajevima pomogne cirkulaciju gasa UF6 unutar glavne separacione komore rotorske cevi, izrađene od materijala viskog odnosa čvrstoće i gustine, kako je opisano u OBJAŠNJENJU iz ovog odeljka.
(149) (d) Gornji poklopci/donji poklopci:
(150) Komponente u obliku diska prečnika između 75 mm (3 in) i 400 mm (16 in), posebno projektovane ili pripremljene da naležu na krajeve rotorske cevi i tako zadržavaju UF6 unutar rotorske cevi, kao i da u nekim slučajevima podupru, zadrže ili sadrže kao sastavni deo element gornjeg ležaja (gornji poklopac), ili nose rotirajuće elemente motora i donji ležaj (donji poklopac), a izrađene su od materijala visokog odnosa čvrstoće i gustine koji su opisani u OBJAŠNJENJU iz ovog odeljka.
(151) OBJAŠNJENJE
(152) Materijali koji se koriste za rotirajuće komponente cenrifuge su:
(153) (a) marendžing čelik zatezne čvrstoće od 2.05 x 109 N/m2 (300.000 psi) ili više;
(154) (b) legure aluminijuma zatezne čvrstoće od 0.46 x 109 N/m2 (67.000 psi) ili više;
(155) (v) vlaknasti materijali pogodni za upotrebu u kompozitnim strukturama, koji imaju specifični modul od 12.3 x 106 m ili veći i specifičnu zateznu čvrstoću od 0.3 x 106 m ili veću („specifični modul” je Jangov modul u N/m2 podeljen sa specifičnom težinom u N/m3; „specifična zatezna čvrstoća” je zatezna čvrstoća u N/m2 podeljena sa specifičnom težinom u N/m3).
(156) 5.1.2. Statičke komponente
(157) (a) Magnetni viseći ležajevi:
(158) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sklopovi ležajeva koji se sastoje od prstenastog magneta obešenog u kućištu koje sadrži amortizujući medijum. Kućište će biti izrađeno od materijala otpornog na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6 (videti OBJAŠNJENJE tačke 5.2). Magnet je spregnut sa magnetnim polom ili drugim magnetom postavljenim na gornji poklopac rotora, kako je opisano u odeljku 5.1.1.(d). Magnet može biti u obliku prstena, a odnos spoljašnjeg i unutrašnjeg prečnika je manji ili jednak 1,6:1. Magnet može biti takvog oblika da je početna permeabilnost 0.15 H/m (120.000 CGS jedinica) ili veća, zaostala magnetizacija 98,5% ili više, ili energetski proizvod veći od 80 kJ/m3 (107 gaus–ersteda). Osim uobičajenih svojstava materijala, preduslov je da se odstupanje magnetnih osa od geometrijskih osa ograniči na veoma male tolerancije (manje od 0,1 mm ili 0.004 in) ili da se posebno zahteva homogenost materijala magneta.
(159) (b) Ležajevi/amortizeri
(160) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni ležajevi koji imaju zglobno obrtni sklop sa čašom, montiran na amortizeru. Zglob je obično osovina od kaljenog čelika sa poluloptom na jednom kraju i pričvršćenjem na donjem poklopcu, na drugom kraju, kako je opisano u odeljku 5.1.1.(d). Međutim, osovina može imati pričvršćen hidrodinamički ležaj. Čaša je u obliku kuglice sa poluloptastim udubljenjem na jednoj strani. Ove komponente se često isporučuju odvojeno od amortizera.
(161) (v) Molekularne pumpe:
(162) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni cilindri koji imaju unutrašnje mašinski obrađene ili ekstrudirane spiralne žlebove i unutrašnje mašinski obrađene provrte. Tipične dimenzije su sledeće: unutrašnji prečnik od 75 mm (3 in) do 400 mm (16 in), debljina zida 10 mm (0.4 in) ili više, dužine jednake ili veće od prečnika. Žlebovi su obično pravougaonog preseka i duboki 2 mm (0.08 in) ili više.
(163) (g) Statori motora
(164) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni statori prstenastog oblika za višefazne AS histerezisne (ili reluktansne) elektromotore naizmenične struje za sinhroni rad u vakuumu u frekventnom opsegu od 600–2000 Hz i opsegu snage od 50–1000 VA. Statori se sastoje od višefaznih namotaja na slojevitom gvozdenom jezgru malih gubitaka, urađenom od tankih slojeva uobičajene debljine 2,0 mm (0.08 in) ili manje.
(165) (d) Kućište centrifuge/ležišta
(166) Komponente posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za ugradnju sklopa rotorskih cevi gasne centrifuge. Kućište se sastoji od krutog cilindra debljine zida do 30 mm (1.2 in) sa precizno mašinski obrađenim krajevima za smeštaj ležajeva i sa jednom ili više prirubnica za montažu. Mašinski obrađeni krajevi su međusobno paralelni, a upravni u odnosu na uzdužnu osu cilindra pod uglom od 0,05 stepeni ili manje. Kućište može takođe biti strukture saća za smeštaj nekoliko rotorskih cevi. Kućišta su izrađena od materijala otpornih na korozivno dejstvo UF6 ili su zaštićena takvim materijalima.
(167) (đ) Lopatice
(168) Posebno projektovane ili pripremljene cevi unutrašnjeg prečnika do 12 mm (0.5 in) za izdvajanje gasa UF6 iz rotorske cevi na principu Pitoove cevi (to jest sa otvorom prema perifernom toku gasa unutar rotorske cevi, na primer, savijanjem kraja radijalno postavljene cevi) koje je moguće pričvrstiti na centralni sistem za ekstrakciju gasa. Cevi su izrađene od materijala otpornih na korozivno dejstvo UF6 ili su zaštićene takvim materijalima.
(169) 5.2. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni pomoćni sistemi, oprema i komponente za postrojenja za obogaćivanje pomoću gasnih centrifuga
(170) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(171) Pomoćni sistemi, oprema i komponente za postrojenja za obogaćivanje pomoću gasnih centrifuga su sistemi postrojenja za napajanje centrifuga UF6, za međusobno povezivanje pojedinačnih centrifuga tako da se formiraju kaskade (ili faze) koji omogućavaju postepeno sve veće obogaćivanje, kao i za izdvajanje „proizvoda” i „ostataka” UF6 iz centrifuga, zajedno sa opremom potrebnom za pogon centrifuga ili kontrolu postrojenja.
(172) UF6 se obično isparava iz čvrstog stanja zagrevanjem u autoklavima i odvodi u gasovitom obliku u centrifuge preko kaskadnog kolektorskog cevovoda. „Proizvod” i „ostaci” gasnih tokova UF6, koji izlaze iz centrifuga, takođe se šalju kaskadnim kolektorskim cevovodom u hladne trapove (koji rade na oko 203 K (–70 ºC)), gde se kondenzuju pre daljeg prenosa u odgovarajuće kontejnere za transport ili skladištenje. Pošto se postrojenje za obogaćivanje sastoji od više hiljada centrifuga poređanih u kaskade, postoje kilometri kaskadnih kolektorskih cevovoda, povezanih pomoću više hiljada varova sa znatnim ponavljanjem rasporeda. Oprema, komponente i cevovodni sistemi proizvode se u skladu sa veoma zahtevnim standardima koji se odnose na vakuum i čistoću.
(173) 5.2.1. Sistemi za napajanje/sistemi za odvođenje proizvoda i ostataka
(174) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni procesni sistemi obuhvataju sledeće:
(175) Napojne autoklave (ili stanice), koje se koriste za uvođenje UF6 u kaskade centrifuga pri pritisku do 100 kPa (15 psi) i brzini od 1 kg/h ili više;
(176) Desublimatore (ili hladne trapove) za uklanjanje UF6 iz kaskada pri pritisku do 3 kPa (0.5 psi). Desublimatori se mogu ohladiti do temperature od 203 K (–70 ºC) i zagrejati do 343 K (70 ºC);
(177) Stanice za „proizvod” i „ostatke” za prebacivanje UF6 u kontejnere.
(178) Ovo postrojenje, oprema i cevovod su kompletno napravljeni od materijala otpornih na korozivno dejstvo UF6 ili su obloženi njima (videti OBJAŠNJENJE u ovom odeljku) i proizvedeni u skladu sa veoma strogim standardima za vakuum i čistoću.
(179) 5.2.2. Mašinski kolektorsko-cevovodni sistemi
(180) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni cevovodni sistemi i kolektorski sistemi za rukovanje sa UF6 unutar kaskada centrifuge. Cevovodna mreža je obično sa „trostrukim” kolektorskim sistemom, tako da je svaka centrifuga povezana sa svakim kolektorom. Taj raspored se u znatnoj meri ponavlja. U celosti su izrađeni od materijala otpornih na UF6 (videti OBJAŠNJENJE u ovom odeljku) i proizvedeni u skladu sa veoma strogim standardima za vakuum i čistoću.
(181) 5.2.3. UF6 maseni spektrometri/jonski izvori
(182) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni magnetni ili kvadrupolni maseni spektrometri za onlajn uzimanje uzoraka iz napojnog fluida, proizvoda ili ostataka iz tokova gasa UF6, koji imaju sve sledeće osobine:
(183) 1. jediničnu rezoluciju za atomsku masu veću od 320;
(184) 2. jonske izvore napravljene od nihroma ili monela ili su obloženi tim materijalima ili niklovani;
(185) 3. izvore za jonizaciju na bazi bombardovanja elektronima;
(186) 4. kolektorske sisteme pogodne za analizu izotopa.
(187) 5.2.4. Uređaji za promenu frekvencije
(188) Uređaji za promenu frekvencije (takođe poznati kao konvertori ili invertori) posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za napajanje statora motora kako je definisano u 5.1.2.(g) ili delovi, komponente i podsklopovi takvih uređaja za promenu frekvencije koji imaju sve sledeće karakteristike:
(189) 1. višefazni izlaz od 600 do 2000 Hz;
(190) 2. visoku stabilnost (sa kontrolom frekvencije boljom od 0,1%);
(191) 3. niskoharmonijsko izobličenje (manje od 2%); i
(192) 4. efikasnost veću od 80%.
(193) OBJAŠNJENJE
(194) Gore navedene stavke dolaze u direktan kontakt sa procesnim gasom UF6 ili direktno kontrolišu centrifuge i prolaz gasa iz centrifuge u centrifugu i iz kaskade u kaskadu.
(195) Materijali otporni na korozivno dejstvo UF6 su nerđajući čelik, aluminijum, legure aluminijuma, nikl ili legure koje sadrže 60% ili više nikla.
(196) 5.3. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sklopovi i komponente za upotrebu u procesu obogaćivanja gasnom difuzijom
(197) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(198) Kod metode separacije izotopa uranijuma gasnom difuzijom, glavni tehnološki sklop je specijalna porozna pregrada za gasnu difuziju, izmenjivač toplote za hlađenje gasa (koji se zagreva postupkom kompresije), zaptivni ventili i kontrolni ventili i cevovodi. Budući da tehnologija gasne difuzije koristi uranijum heksafluorid (UF6), sve površine opreme, cevovoda i instrumentacije (koje dolaze u kontakt sa gasom) moraju biti napravljene od materijala koji ostaju stabilni u dodiru sa UF6. Postrojenje za gasnu difuziju zahteva veliki broj ovih sklopova, tako da količine mogu biti značajan pokazatelj krajnje upotrebe.
(199) 5.3.1. Pregrade za gasnu difuziju
(200) (a) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni tanki porozni filteri, veličine pora 100–1.000 Å (angstrema), debljine 5 mm (0.2 in) ili manje, a za cevaste oblike, prečnika 25 mm (1 in) ili manji, napravljeni od metalnih, polimernih ili keramičkih materijala otpornih na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6, i
(201) (b) posebno pripremljena jedinjenja ili prahovi za proizvodnju takvih filtera. Takva jedinjenja i prahovi obuhvataju nikl ili legure koje sadrže 60% ili više nikla, aluminijum oksid ili potpuno fluorovane ugljovodonične polimere otporne na UF6, koji imaju čistoću 99,9% ili veću, veličinu čestica manju od 10 mikrona i visok stepen ujednačenosti veličine čestica, koji su posebno pripremljeni za izradu pregrada za gasnu difuziju.
(202) 5.3.2. Kućišta za gasne difuzore
(203) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni zaptiveni cilindrični sudovi prečnika većeg od 300 mm (12 in) i dužine veće od 900 mm (35 in) ili pravougaoni sudovi uporedivih dimenzija, koji imaju jedan ulazni i dva izlazna priključka prečnika većeg od 50 mm (2 in), za ugradnju pregrade za gasnu difuziju, napravljeni od materijala otpornih na UF6 ili obloženi tim materijalima, i projektovani za horizontalnu ili vertikalnu ugradnju.
(204) 5.3.3. Kompresori i gasne duvaljke
(205) Posebno projektovani i pripremljeni aksijalni, radijalni (centrifugalni) ili zapreminski (klipni, obrtno-krilni, zupčasti, zavojni, membranski) kompresori, ili gasne duvaljke sa kapacitetom usisavanja (protokom) UF6 od 1 m3/min ili većim, potisnim pritiskom do nekoliko stotina kPa (100 psi), konstruisani za dugotrajni rad u UF6 okruženju, sa ili bez elektromotora odgovarajuće snage, kao i posebni delovi takvih kompresora i gasnih duvaljki. Ovi kompresori i duvaljke imaju stepen sabijanja između 2:1 i 6:1 i napravljeni su od materijala, ili obloženi (presvučeni) materijalima, otpornim na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6.
(206) 5.3.4. Zaptivke za rotirajuće osovine
(207) Posebno projektovane ili pripremljene vakuumske zaptivke, sa priključcima za napajanje i ispuštanje zaptivki, za zaptivanje osovine koja povezuje rotor kompresora ili gasne duvaljke sa pogonskim motorom, tako da se obezbedi pouzdano zaptivanje protiv ulaska vazduha u unutrašnju komoru kompresora ili gasne duvaljke napunjene gasom UF6. Takve zaptivke su obično projektovane za količinu ulaska zaštitnog gasa manju od 1000 cm3/min (60 in3/min).
(208) 5.3.5. Izmenjivači toplote za hlađenje UF6
(209) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni izmenjivači toplote napravljeni od materijala otpornih na korozivno dejstvo UF6 ili obloženi tim materijalima (osim nerđajućeg čelika) ili bakrom ili bilo kojom kombinacijom tih metala, a namenjeni za vrednost promene pritiska kod curenja od najmanje 10 Pa (0.0015 psi) na sat pri razlici pritiska od 100 kPa (15 psi).
(210) 5.4. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni pomoćni sistemi, oprema i komponente za upotrebu u procesu obogaćivanja gasnom difuzijom
(211) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(212) Pomoćni sistemi, oprema i komponente u postrojenjima za obogaćivanje gasnom difuzijom su sistemi postrojenja koji su potrebni za dovod UF6 do gasnog difuzionog sklopa, povezivanje pojedinačnih sklopova u kaskade (ili faze) koje omogućavaju postepeno veće obogaćivanje i izdvajanje „proizvoda” i „ostataka” UF6, iz difuzionih kaskada. Zbog velikih inercijalnih svojstava difuzionih kaskada, bilo kakav prekid njihovog rada, a posebno zaustavljanje, dovodi do ozbiljnih posledica. Prema tome, strogo i stalno održavanje vakuuma u svim tehnološkim sistemima, automatska zaštita od akcidenata i precizna automatska regulacija gasnog protoka je od značaja u postrojenju za gasnu difuziju. Sve to iziskuje potrebu za opremanjem postrojenja velikim brojem mernih, regulacionih i kontrolnih sistema.
(213) Gas UF6 se obično isparava iz cilindara koji su smešteni u autoklavima i distribuira u gasnom obliku do ulaza pomoću kaskadnog kolektorskog cevovoda. „Proizvod” i „ostaci” gasnih tokova UF6 odvode se od izlaza pomoću kaskadnog kolektorskog cevovoda do hladnih trapova ili do kompresionih stanica gde se gas UF6 pretvara u tečno stanje pre upućivanja u odgovarajuće kontejnere za transport ili skladištenje. Pošto se postrojenje za obogaćivanje gasnom difuzijom sastoji od velikog broja sklopova za gasnu difuziju poređanih u kaskade, postoje kilometri kaskadnog kolektorskog cevovoda, uključujući hiljade varova i veliki broj ponavljanja rasporeda. Oprema, komponente i cevovodni sistemi su izrađeni u skladu sa veoma visokim standardima za vakuum i čistoću.
(214) 5.4.1. Sistemi za napajanje/sistemi za odvođenje proizvoda i ostatka
(215) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni procesni sistemi, koji mogu da rade pod pritiskom od 300 kPa (45 psi) ili manjim, uključujući:
(216) napojne autoklave (ili sisteme), koji se koriste za uvođenje UF6 u kaskade za gasnu difuziju;
(217) desublimatore (ili hladne trapove) koji se koriste za odstranjivanje UF6 iz kaskada za difuziju;
(218) stanice za utečnjavanje gde se gas UF6 iz kaskade komprimuje i hladi da se dobije tečni UF6;
(219) stanice za „proizvod” ili „ostatke” koje se koriste za prebacivanje UF6 u kontejnere.
(220) 5.4.2. Kolektorsko-cevovodni sistemi
(221) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni cevovodni sistemi i kolektorski sistemi za rukovanje UF6 gasom u kaskadama za gasnu difuziju. Ova cevovodna mreža je obično sa „dvostrukim” kolektorskim sistemom gde je svaka ćelija povezana sa svakim od kolektora.
(222) 5.4.3. Vakuumski sistemi
(223) (a) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni veliki vakuumski (višekanalni) priključci, uređaji (sistemi) i pumpe koji imaju kapacitet usisavanja 5 m3/min (175 ft3/min) ili više.
(224) (b) Vakuum pumpe posebno projektovane za rad u UF6 okruženju napravljene ili obložene (presvučene) aluminijumom, niklom ili legurama koje imaju više od 60% nikla. Te pumpe mogu biti ili obrtno klipne (i/ili obrtno krilne) ili klipne (i/ili aksijalno klipne), mogu imati prilagođene (namenske, specijalno urađene) i fluorougljenične zaptivke, kao i posebne radne fluide.
(225) 5.4.4. Specijalni zaustavni i regulacioni ventili
(226) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni ručni ili automatski zaustavni ili regulacioni ventili sa mehovima napravljeni od materijala otpornih na UF6 prečnika od 40 do 1500 mm (1.5 do 59 in) za ugradnju u glavne i pomoćne sisteme postrojenja za obogaćivanje gasnom difuzijom.
(227) 5.4.5. UF6 maseni spektrometri/jonski izvori
(228) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni magnetni kvadrupolni maseni spektrometri za onlajn uzimanje uzoraka napojnog fluida, proizvoda ili ostataka iz gasnih tokova UF6, a koji poseduju sve sledeće karakteristike:
(229) 1. jediničnu rezoluciju za atomsku masu veću od 320;
(230) 2. jonske izvore izrađene od nihroma ili monela ili obložene tim materijalima ili niklovane;
(231) 3. izvore za jonizaciju na bazi bombardovanja elektronima;
(232) 4. kolektorski sistem pogodan za analizu izotopa.
(233) OBJAŠNJENJE
(234) Navedene stavke dolaze u direktan kontakt sa procesnim gasom UF6 ili direktno kontrolišu protok unutar kaskada. Sve površine koje dolaze u kontakt sa procesnim gasom su u potpunosti izrađene od materijala otpornih na UF6 ili su obložene tim materijalima. U smislu odeljaka koji se odnose na stavke za gasnu difuziju, materijali otporni na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6 obuhvataju nerđajući čelik, aluminijum, legure aluminijuma, aluminijum oksid, nikl ili legure koje sadrže 60% ili više nikla i potpuno fluorovane ugljovodonične polimere otporne na UF6.
(235) 5.5. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi, oprema i komponente za upotrebu u postrojenjima za aerodinamičko obogaćivanje
(236) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(237) U procesima aerodinamičkog obogaćivanja, smesa gasovitog UF6 i lakog gasa (vodonik ili helijum) komprimuje se i zatim upućuje kroz separacione elemente u kojima se separacija izotopa postiže jakim centrifugalnim silama koje se stvaraju duž zakrivljenih zidova. Uspešno su razvijena dva ovakva procesa: postupak pomoću separacionih mlaznica i postupak sa vrtložnim cevima. Za oba postupka, glavne komponente faze separacije su cilindrični sudovi u kojima se nalaze posebni elementi za separaciju (mlaznice ili vrtložne cevi), gasni kompresori i izmenjivači toplote za uklanjanje toplote kompresije. Aerodinamičko postrojenje zahteva više takvih faza, tako da količina može biti značajan pokazatelj krajnje upotrebe. Pošto aerodinamički postupci koriste UF6, sve površine opreme, cevovoda i instrumentacije (koje dolaze u dodir sa gasom) moraju biti napravljene od materijala koji ostaju stabilni u kontaktu sa UF6.
(238) OBJAŠNJENJE
(239) Stavke navedene u ovom odeljku dolaze u direktan kontakt sa procesnim gasom UF6 ili direktno kontrolišu protok unutar kaskada. Sve površine koje dolaze u kontakt sa procesnim gasom su u potpunosti izrađene od materijala otpornih na UF6 ili su zaštićene tim materijalima. U smislu odeljka koji se odnosi na stavke aerodinamičkog obogaćivanja, materijali otporni na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6 obuhvataju bakar, nerđajući čelik, aluminijum, legure aluminijuma, nikl ili legure koje sadrže 60% ili više nikla i potpuno fluorovane ugljovodonične polimere otporne na UF6.
(240) 5.5.1. Separacione mlaznice
(241) Posebno projektovane ili pripremljene separacione mlaznice i njihovi sklopovi. Separacione mlaznice se sastoje od zakrivljenih kanala sa uskim prorezom, čiji je radijus krivine manji od 1 mm (obično 0,1 do 0,05 mm), otporne na koroziju od UF6 i imaju oštre ivice u mlaznici koja deli tok gasa koji kroz nju teče u dve struje.
(242) 5.2.2. Vrtložne cevi
(243) Posebno projektovane ili pripremljene vrtložne cevi i njihovi sklopovi. Vrtložne cevi su cilindrične ili konusne, napravljene od materijala otpornih na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6 ili su zaštićene tim materijalima, imaju prečnik od 0,5 cm do 4 cm, a odnos dužine prema prečniku je 20:1 ili manje, sa jednim ili više tangencijalnih ulaza. Cevi mogu biti opremljene dodacima tipa mlaznice, na jednom ili na oba kraja.
(244) OBJAŠNJENJE
(245) Napojni gas ulazi u vrtložnu cev tangencijalno na jednom kraju ili kroz vrtložne lopatice ili na brojnim mestima tangencijalno duž oboda cevi.
(246) 5.5.3. Kompresori i gasne duvaljke
(247) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni aksijalni, centrifugalni ili volumetrijski kompresori ili gasne duvaljke napravljeni od materijala otpornih na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6 ili zaštićeni tim materijalima, usisnog zapreminskog kapaciteta od 2 m3/min ili više za mešavinu UF6/noseći gas (vodonik ili helijum).
(248) OBJAŠNJENJE
(249) Ovi kompresori i gasne duvaljke obično imaju odnos pritiska između 1.2:1 i 6:1.
(250) 5.5.4. Zaptivke za rotirajući osovine
(251) Posebno projektovane ili pripremljene zaptivke za rotirajuće osovine, sa priključcima za napajanje i ispuštanje zaptivki, za zaptivanje osovine koja povezuje rotor kompresora ili gasne duvaljke sa pogonskim motorom, kako bi se obezbedilo pouzdano zaptivanje protiv curenja procesnog gasa ili ulaska vazduha u unutrašnju komoru kompresora ili gasne duvaljke napunjene smešom UF6/noseći gas.
(252) 5.5.5. Izmenjivači toplote za hlađenje gasa
(253) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni izmenjivači toplote napravljeni od materijala otpornih na UF6 ili zaštićeni tim materijalima.
(254) 5.5.6. Kućišta elemenata za separaciju
(255) Posebno projektovana ili pripremljena kućišta elemenata za separaciju, napravljena od materijala otpornih na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6 ili zaštićena tim materijalima, za smeštanje vrtložnih cevi ili separacionih mlaznica.
(256) OBJAŠNJENJE
(257) Ova kućišta mogu biti cilindrični sudovi prečnika većeg od 300 mm i dužine veće od 900 mm ili mogu biti pravougaoni sudovi uporedivih dimenzija, a mogu biti projektovani za horizontalnu ili vertikalnu ugradnju.
(258) 5.5.7. Napojni sistemi/sistemi za odvođenje proizvoda i ostataka
(259) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni procesni sistemi ili oprema za postrojenja za obogaćivanje napravljeni od materijala otpornih na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6 ili zaštićeni tim materijalima, uključujući:
(260) (a) napojne autoklave, peći ili sisteme koji se koriste za upućivanje UF6 u proces obogaćivanja;
(261) (b) desublimatore (ili hladne trapove) koji se koriste za odstranjivanje UF6 iz procesa obogaćivanja radi sledećeg prenosa nakon zagrevanja;
(262) (v) stanice za pretvaranje u čvrsto ili tečno stanje koje se koriste za uklanjanje UF6 iz procesa obogaćivanja komprimovanjem i konvertovanjem UF6 u tečno ili čvrsto stanje;
(263) (g) stanice za „proizvod” ili „ostatke” koje se koriste za prenos UF6 u kontejnere.
(264) 5.5.8. Kolektorsko-cevovodni sistemi
(265) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni kolektorsko-cevovodni sistemi napravljeni od materijala otpornih na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6 ili zaštićeni tim materijalima, za rukovanje UF6 unutar aerodinamičkih kaskada. Ova cevovodna mreža je obično projektovana sa „dvostrukim” kolektorskim sistemom, gde je svaka faza ili grupa faza povezana na svaki od kolektora.
(266) 5.5.9. Vakuumski sistemi i pumpe
(267) (a) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni vakuumski sistemi usisnog kapaciteta 5 m3/min ili više, koji se sastoje od vakuumskih razvodnika, vakuumskih kolektora i vakuum-pumpi, a predviđeni su za rad u atmosferi koja sadrži UF6.
(268) (b) Vakuum-pumpe posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za rad u atmosferi koja sadrži UF6, napravljene od materijala otpornih na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6 ili su zaštićeni tim materijalima. Ove pumpe mogu koristiti fluorougljenične zaptivke i posebne radne fluide.
(269) 5.5.10. Specijalni zaustavni i regulacioni ventili
(270) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni ručni ili automatski zaustavni i kontrolni ventili sa mehovima, napravljeni od materijala otpornih na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6 ili zaštićeni tim materijalima, prečnika od 40 do 1500 mm, a predviđeni za ugradnju u glavne i pomoćne sisteme postrojenja za aerodinamičko obogaćivanje.
(271) 5.5.11. UF6 maseni spektrometri/jonski izvori
(272) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni magnetni ili kvadrupolni maseni spektrometri za onlajn uzimanje uzoraka napojne sirovine, „proizvoda” ili „ostataka” iz tokova gasa UF6, koji imaju sve sledeće osobine:
(273) 1. jediničnu rezoluciju za masu veću od 320;
(274) 2. jonske izvore napravljene od nihroma ili monela ili obložene tim materijalima ili niklovane;
(275) 3. izvore za jonizaciju na bazi bombardovanja elektronima;
(276) 4. kolektorski sistem pogodan za analizu izotopa.
(277) 5.5.12. Sistemi za separaciju UF6/nosećeg gasa
(278) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni procesni sistemi za razdvajanje UF6 od nosećeg gasa (vodonik ili helijum).
(279) OBJAŠNJENJE
(280) Ovi sistemi su predviđeni za smanjivanje sadržaja UF6 u nosećem gasu na 1 ppm ili manje i mnogi obuhvataju opremu kao što su:
(281) (a) kriogeni izmenjivači toplote i krioseparatori za rad na temperaturama od –120 ºC ili nižim, ili
(282) (b) kriogene rashladne jedinice za temperature od –120 ºC ili niže, ili
(283) (v) jedinice sa separacionim mlaznicama ili vrtložnim cevima za razdvajanje UF6 od nosećeg gasa, ili
(284) (g) hladni trapovi za UF6 za temperature od –20 ºC ili niže.
(285) 5.6. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi, oprema i komponente za upotrebu u postrojenjima za obogaćivanje hemijskom ili jonskom izmenom
(286) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(287) Mala razlika u masi između izotopa uranijuma dovodi do malih promena ravnoteže hemijskih reakcija što može biti korišćeno kao osnova za separaciju izotopa. Uspešno su razvijena dva procesa: hemijska izmena tečno–tečno i jonska izmena čvrsto–tečno stanje.
(288) U procesu hemijske izmene tečno–tečno, tečne faze koje se ne mogu mešati (vodena i organska) protivstrujno se dodiruju i daju kaskadni efekat više hiljada stupnjeva separacije. Vodena faza se sastoji od uranijum hlorida u rastvoru hlorovodonične kiseline; organska faza se sastoji od ekstraktanta koji sadrži uranijum hlorid u organskom rastvaraču. Kontaktori koji se koriste u separacionoj kaskadi mogu biti kolone za izmenu tečno–tečno (kao što su pulsirajuće kolone sa sitastim pločama) ili tečni centrifugalni kontaktori. Hemijske konverzije (oksidacija i redukcija) su potrebne na oba kraja separacione kaskade kako bi se omogućio refluks na svakom kraju. Glavna briga kod projektovanja je da se izbegne kontaminacija procesnih tokova određenim metalnim jonima. Stoga se koriste plastične, plastikom obložene (uključujući upotrebu fluorougljeničnih polimera) odnosno staklom obložene kolone i cevovod.
(289) U procesu čvrsto–tečne jonske izmene, obogaćivanje se sprovodi adsorpcijom/desorpcijom uranijuma u specijalnoj, brzo delujućoj, smoli za jonsku izmenu ili adsorbentu. Rastvor uranijuma u hlorovodoničnoj kiselini i drugim hemijskim sredstvima propušta se kroz cilindrične kolone za obogaćivanje koje sadrže slojeve adsorbenta. Za kontinualan proces potreban je sistem refluksa za oslobađanje uranijuma iz adsorbenta nazad u tok tečnosti tako da se mogu sakupiti „proizvod” i „ostaci”. To se postiže korišćenjem odgovarajućih hemijskih agenasa za redukciju/oksidaciju koji se potpuno regenerišu u zasebnim spoljašnjim kružnim tokovima i koji se mogu delimično regenerisati u samim kolonama za separaciju izotopa. Prisustvo vrućih koncentrovanih rastvora hlorovodonične kiseline u procesu zahteva opremu izrađenu od specijalnih materijala otpornih na koroziju ili zaštićenu tim materijalima.
(290) 5.6.1. Kolone za izmenu tečno–tečno (hemijska izmena)
(291) Suprotnostrujne kolone za izmenu tečno–tečno sa ulaznom mehaničkom snagom (tj. pulsirajuće kolone sa sitastim pločama, klipne pločaste kolone i kolone sa unutrašnjim turbinskim mešalicama), posebno projektovane i pripremljene za obogaćivanje uranijuma postupkom hemijske izmene. Zbog otpornosti na korozivno dejstvo koncentrovanog rastvora hlorovodonične kiseline, ove kolone i njihovi unutrašnji delovi izrađeni su od odgovarajućih plastičnih materijala ili su zaštićeni tim materijalima (kao što su fluorougljenični polimeri) ili staklom. Projektovano vreme zadržavanja u koloni treba da bude kratko (30 sekundi ili manje).
(292) 5.6.2. Tečno–tečni centrifugalni kontaktori (hemijska izmena)
(293) Tečno–tečni centrifugalni kontaktori, posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za obogaćivanje uranijuma pomoću procesa hemijske izmene. Takvi kontaktori koriste rotaciju za postizanje disperzije organskih i vodenih tokova, a zatim centrifugalnu silu za separaciju faza. Zbog korozivne otpornosti na koncentrovani rastvor hlorovodonične kiseline, kotaktori su napravljeni od odgovarajućih plastičnih materijala kao što su fluorougljenični polimeri ili su zaštićeni tim materijalima ili obloženi staklom. Projektovano vreme zadržavanja u centrifugalnim kontaktorima treba da bude kratko (30 sekundi ili manje).
(294) 5.6.3. Sistemi i oprema za redukciju uranijuma (hemijska izmena)
(295) (a) Posebno projektovane ili pripremljene elektrohemijske ćelije za redukciju uranijuma iz jednog valentnog stanja u drugo radi obogaćivanja uranijuma pomoću procesa hemijske izmene. Materijali ćelije koji su u kontaktu sa procesnim rastvorima moraju biti otporni na koroziju uzrokovanu koncentrovanim rastvorima hlorovodonične kiseline.
(296) OBJAŠNJENJE
(297) Katodni odeljak ćelije mora biti tako projektovan da spreči ponovnu oksidaciju uranijuma do njegovog višeg valentnog stanja. Da bi se uranijum zadržao u katodnom odeljku, ćelija može imati nepropusnu membransku dijafragmu izrađenu od specijalnih materijala za katjonsku izmenu. Katoda se sastoji od odgovarajućeg čvrstog provodnika kao što je grafit.
(298) (b) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi na proizvodnom kraju kaskade za izdvajanje U4+ iz organskog toka, za podešavanje koncentracije kiseline i napajanje elektrohemijskih ćelija za redukciju.
(299) OBJAŠNJENJE
(300) Ovi sistemi se sastoje od opreme za ekstrakciju rastvarača za odvođenje U4+ iz organskog toka u vodeni rastvor, za isparavanje i/ili druge opreme za podešavanje i kontrolu pH u rastvoru, kao i od pumpi i drugih transportnih uređaja za napajanje elektrohemijskih ćelija za redukciju. Glavna briga kod projektovanja je izbegavanje kontaminacije vodenog toka određenim metalnim jonima. Prema tome, za delove koji su u kontaktu sa procesnim tokom, u sistem je ugrađena oprema izrađena od odgovarajućih materijala (kao što su staklo, fluorougljenični polimeri, polifenil sulfat, polieter sulfon i grafit impregniran smolom) ili je zaštićena tim materijalima.
(301) 5.6.4. Sistemi za pripremu napajanja (hemijska izmena)
(302) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za proizvodnju rastvora uranijum hlorida velike čistoće za napajanje postrojenja za separaciju izotopa uranijuma hemijskom izmenom.
(303) OBJAŠNJENJE
(304) Ovi sistemi se sastoje od opreme za rastvaranje, ekstrakciju rastvarača i/ili jonsku izmenu radi prečišćavanja i elektrolitičkih ćelija za redukciju uranijuma U6+ ili U4+ do U3+. Ovi sistemi proizvode rastvore uranijum hlorida koji sadrže samo nekoliko delova na milion metalnih nečistoća, kao što su hrom, gvožđe, vanadijum, molibden i drugi dvovalentni ili viši viševalentni katjoni. Konstrukcioni materijali za ove delove sistema, u kojem se prerađuje U3+ velike čistoće su staklo, fluorougljenični polimeri, polifenil sulfat ili plastikom obloženi polieter sulfonom i grafit impregniran smolom.
(305) 5.6.5. Sistemi za oksidaciju uranijuma (hemijska izmena)
(306) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za oksidaciju U3+ u U4+ radi vraćanja u kaskadu za separaciju izotopa uranijuma u postupku obogaćivanja hemijskom izmenom.
(307) OBJAŠNJENJE
(308) Ovi sistemi mogu obuhvatiti sledeću opremu:
(309) (a) opremu za dovođenje hlora i kiseonika u kontakt sa vodenim efluentom iz opreme za separaciju izotopa i za ekstrakciju rezultantnog U4+ u izdvojeni organski tok koji se vraća sa proizvodnog kraja kaskade;
(310) (b) opremu koja odvaja vodu od hlorovodonične kiseline tako da se voda i koncentrovana hlorovodonična kiselina mogu ponovo uvesti u proces na odgovarajućim mestima.
(311) 5.6.6. Brzoreagujuće jonoizmenjivačke smole/adsorbenti (jonska izmena)
(312) Brzoreagujuće jonoizmenjivačke smole ili adsorbenti posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za obogaćivanje uranijuma postupkom jonske izmene, uključujući makroporozne umrežene smole odnosno opnaste strukture u kojima su aktivne hemijske izmenjivačke grupe ograničene na površinsku prevlaku na neaktivnoj poroznoj nosećoj strukturi i druge kompozitne strukture u bilo kom odgovarajućem obliku, uključujući i čestice ili vlakna. Ove jonoizmenjivačke smole/adsorbenti imaju prečnik od 0,2 mm ili manji i moraju biti hemijski otporni na koncentrovane rastvore hlorovodonične kiseline, te moraju biti dovoljno fizički čvrsti da ne dođe do degradacije u izmenjivačkim kolonama. Smole/adsorbenti su posebno projektovani da postižu veoma brzu kinetiku izmene izotopa uranijuma (poluvreme izmene je manje od 10 sekundi) i da budu sposobni za rad u temperaturnom opsegu od 100 ºC do 200 ºC.
(313) 5.6.7. Jonoizmenjivačke kolone (jonska izmena)
(314) Cilindrične kolone prečnika većeg od 1000 mm za ugradnju i podupiranje napunjenih slojeva jonoizmenjivačke smole/adsorbenta, posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za obogaćivanje uranijuma postupkom jonske izmene. Ove kolone su napravljene od materijala (kao što je titanijum ili fluorougljenična plastika) otpornih na korozivno dejstvo koncentrovanih rastvora hlorovodonične kiseline ili su zaštićene njima, a sposobne su za rad u temperaturnom opsegu od 100 ºC do 200 ºC i pritiscima iznad 0,7 MPa (102 psia).
(315) 5.6.8. Jonoizmenjivački sistemi povratnog toka (jonska izmena)
(316) (a) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni hemijski ili elektrohemijski redukcioni sistemi za regeneraciju hemijskih agenasa za redukciju koji se koriste u kaskadama za obogaćivanje uranijuma jonskom izmenom.
(317) (b) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni hemijski ili elektrohemijski oksidacioni sistemi za regeneraciju hemijskih agenasa za oksidaciju koji se koriste u kaskadama za obogaćivanje uranijuma jonskom izmenom.
(318) OBJAŠNJENJE
(319) U postupku obogaćivanja jonskom izmenom može se koristiti, na primer, trovalentni titanijum (Ti3+) kao redukcioni katjon i u tom slučaju redukcionim sistemom bi se regenerisao Ti3+ redukovanjem Ti4+.
(320) U postupku se može koristiti, na primer, trovalentno gvožđe (Fe3+) kao oksidant i u tom slučaju sistemom oksidacije bi se regenerisao Fe3+ oksidovanjem Fe2+.
(321) 5.7. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi, oprema i komponente za upotrebu u postrojenjima za lasersko obogaćivanje
(322) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(323) Sadašnji sistemi za postupke obogaćivanja pomoću lasera dele se u dve kategorije: sistemi kod kojih je procesni medijum para atomskog uranijuma i sistemi kod kojih je procesni medijum para jedinjenja uranijuma. Uobičajena nomenklatura za te postupke obuhvata sledeće: prva kategorija – laserska separacija izotopa iz atomske pare (AVLIS ili SILVA); druga kategorija – molekulska laserska separacija izotopa (MLIS ili MOLIS) i hemijska reakcija izazvana izotopskom selektivnom laserskom aktivacijom (CRISLA). Sistemi, oprema i komponente za postrojenje za lasersko obogaćivanje su: (a) uređaji za dovod pare metalnog uranijuma (za selektivnu fotojonizaciju) ili uređaji za dovod pare jedinjenja uranijuma (za fotodisocijaciju ili hemijsku aktivaciju); (b) uređaji za sakupljanje obogaćenog i osiromašenog metalnog uranijuma kao „proizvoda” i „ostataka” u prvoj kategoriji i uređaji za sakupljanje disociranih ili izreagovanih jedinjenja kao „proizvoda” i materijala na koji se nije delovalo kao „ostataka” u drugoj kategoriji; (v) procesni laserski sistemi za selektivnu pobudu uzoraka uranijuma-235; i (g) oprema za pripremu napajanja i konverziju proizvoda. Složenost spektroskopije atoma i jedinjenja uranijuma može zahtevati korišćenje bilo koje od brojnih raspoloživih laserskih tehnologija.
(324) OBJAŠNJENJE
(325) Mnoge stavke navedene u ovom odeljku dolaze u direktan kontakt sa parom ili tečnošću metala uranijuma ili sa procesnim gasom koji se sastoji od UF6 ili smeše UF6 i drugih gasova. Sve površine koje dolaze u kontakt sa uranijumom ili UF6 su u celosti napravljene od materijala otpornih na koroziju ili su zaštićene tim materijalima. Za potrebe odeljka koji se odnosi na stavke laserskog obogaćivanja, materijali otporni na koroziju od pare ili tečnosti metala uranijuma ili legura uranijuma obuhvataju itrijumom obloženi grafit i tantal, a materijali otporni na korozivno dejstvo UF6 obuhvataju bakar, nerđajući čelik, aluminijum, legure aluminijuma, nikl ili legure koje sadrže 60% ili više nikla i potpuno fluorovane ugljovodonične polimere otporne na UF6.
(326) 5.7.1. Sistemi za isparavanje uranijuma (AVLIS)
(327) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za isparavanje uranijuma koji sadrže visokoenergetske elektronske topove sa snopovima jednog opsega ili skenirajuće sa snagom zračenja na meti većom od 2,5 kW/cm.
(328) 5.7.2. Sistemi za rukovanje tečnim metalnim uranijumom (AVLIS)
(329) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za rukovanje tečnim metalom za rastopljeni uranijum ili legure uranijuma, koji se sastoje od tiglova i opreme za hlađenje tiglova.
(330) OBJAŠNJENJE
(331) Tiglovi i drugi delovi ovog sistema koji dolaze u kontakt sa rastopljenim uranijumom ili legurama uranijuma napravljeni su od materijala otpornih na koroziju i toplotu ili su zaštićeni tim materijalima. Odgovarajući materijali su tantal, grafit presvučen itrijumom, grafit presvučen drugim oksidima elemenata grupe retkih zemalja ili njihovim smešama.
(332) 5.7.3. Kolektorski sklopovi za „proizvod” i „ostatke” metalnog uranijuma (AVLIS)
(333) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni kolektorski sklopovi za „proizvod” i „ostatke” metalnog uranijuma u tečnom ili čvrstom stanju.
(334) OBJAŠNJENJE
(335) Komponente ovih sklopova napravljene su od materijala otpornih na toplotu i koroziju pare ili tečnosti metalnog uranijuma (kao što je grafit presvučen itrijumom ili tantal) ili su zaštićeni tim materijalima i mogu uključiti cevi, ventile, fitinge, „žlebove”, provodnike, izmenjivače toplote i kolektorske ploče za magnetne, elektrostatičke ili druge metode separacije.
(336) 5.7.4. Kućišta separatorskog modula (AVLIS)
(337) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni cilindrični ili pravougaoni sudovi za smeštanje izvora pare metalnog uranijuma, elektronskog topa i kolektora „proizvoda” i „ostataka”.
(338) OBJAŠNJENJE
(339) Ova kućišta imaju mnoštvo otvora za električne i priključke za napajanje vodom, otvore za laserski snop, priključke za vakuum-pumpu i dijagnostiku i nadzor instrumentacije. Imaju elemente za otvaranje i zatvaranje zbog sanacije unutrašnjih komponenata.
(340) 5.7.5. Nadzvučne ekspanzione mlaznice (MLIS)
(341) Posebno projektovane ili pripremljene nadzvučne ekspanzione mlaznice za rashlađivanje smeša UF6 i nosećeg gasa do 150 K ili niže, napravljene od materijala otpornih na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6.
(342) 5.7.6. Kolektori za uranijum pentafluorid (MLIS)
(343) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni kolektori za čvrsti proizvod uranijum pentafluorid koji se sastoje od filtra, kolektora udarnog ili ciklonskog tipa ili njihovih kombinacija, a napravljeni su od materijala koji su otporni na koroziju uzrokovanu izlaganjem UF5/UF6 sredini.
(344) 5.7.7. Kompresori za UF6/noseći gas (MLIS)
(345) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za mešavine UF6/noseći gas, projektovani za dugotrajan rad u UF6 sredini. Komponente ovih kompresora koje dolaze u kontakt sa procesnim gasom napravljene su od materijala otpornih na koroziju izazvanu delovanjem UF6 ili su zaštićene tim materijalima.
(346) 5.7.8. Zaptivke za rotirajuće osovine (MLIS)
(347) Posebno projektovane ili pripremljene zaptivke za rotirajuće osovine sa priključcima na zaptivki za napajanje i ispuštanje, za zaptivanje osovine koja povezuje rotor kompresora sa pogonskim motorom, tako da se obezbedi pouzdano zaptivanje na curenje procesnog gasa ili ulaska vazduha ili zaptivnog gasa u unutrašnju komoru kompresora napunjenu smešom UF6/noseći gas.
(348) 5.7.9. Sistemi za fluorovanje (MLIS)
(349) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za fluorovanje UF5 (u čvrstom stanju) u UF6 (gas).
(350) OBJAŠNJENJE
(351) Ovi sistemi su projektovani za fluorovanje sakupljenog praha UF5 u UF6 za naknadno sakupljanje u kontejnere za proizvod ili prenos kao napojne sirovine u MLIS jedinice radi dodatnog obogaćivanja. Prema jednom pristupu, reakcija fluorovanja može biti obavljena u sistemu za separaciju izotopa gde dolazi do reakcije i povraćaja direktno sa kolektora za „proizvod”. Po drugom pristupu, UF5 prah se može ukloniti/preneti iz kolektora za „proizvod” u odgovarajuću posudu za reakciju (npr. reaktor sa fluidizovanim slojem, spiralni reaktor ili plamenu kolonu) fluorovanja. Kod oba pristupa, koristi se oprema za skladištenje i prenos fluora (ili odgovarajućih agenasa za fluorovanje) i za sakupljanje i prenos UF6.
(352) 5.7.10. UF6 maseni spektrometri/jonski izvori (MLIS)
(353) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni magnetni ili kvadrupolni maseni spektrometri za onlajn uzimanje uzoraka napojne sirovine, „proizvoda” ili „ostataka” iz tokova gasa UF6 koji poseduju sve sledeće osobine:
(354) 1. jediničnu rezoluciju za masu veću od 320;
(355) 2. jonske izvore napravljene od nihroma ili monela ili su obloženi tim materijalima ili niklovani;
(356) 3. izvore za jonizaciju na bazi bombardovanja elektronima;
(357) 4. kolektorske sisteme pogodne za analizu izotopa.
(358) 5.7.11. Sistemi za napajanje/sistemi za odvođenje proizvoda i ostataka (MLIS)
(359) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni procesni sistemi ili oprema za postrojenja za obogaćivanje napravljeni od materijala otpornih na korozivno dejstvo UF6 ili su zaštićeni tim materijalima, obuhvataju:
(360) (a) napojne autoklave, peći ili sisteme koji se koriste za uvođenje UF6 u proces obogaćivanja;
(361) (b) desublimatore (ili hladne trapove) koji se koriste za uklanjanje UF6 iz procesa obogaćivanja za sledeći prenos nakon zagrevanja;
(362) (v) stanice za očvršćavanje ili utečnjavanje koje se koriste za uklanjanje UF6 iz procesa obogaćivanja komprimovanjem i konvertovanjem UF6 u tečni ili čvrsti oblik;
(363) (g) stanice za „proizvod” ili „ostatke” koje se koriste za prenos UF6 u kontejnere.
(364) 5.7.12. Sistemi za separaciju UF6 /nosećeg gasa (MLIS)
(365) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni procesni sistemi za odvajanje UF6 od nosećeg gasa. Noseći gas može biti azot, argon ili neki drugi gas.
(366) OBJAŠNJENJE
(367) Ovi sistemi mogu obuhvatiti sledeću opremu:
(368) (a) kriogene izmenjivače toplote ili krioseparatore za temperature od –120 ºC ili niže, ili
(369) (b) kriogene rashladne jedinice za temperature od –120 ºC ili niže, ili
(370) (v) UF6 hladne trapove za temperature od –20 ºC ili niže.
(371) 5.7.13. Laserski sistemi (AVLIS, MLIS i CRISLA)
(372) Laseri ili laserski sistemi posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za separaciju izotopa uranijuma.
(373) OBJAŠNJENJE
(374) Laserski sistem za AVLIS proces obično se sastoji od dva lasera: laser na bazi para bakra i obojeni laser. Laserski sistem za MLIS obično se sastoji od CO2 ili eksimerskog lasera i optičke komore sa više prolaza, koja ima obrtna ogledala na oba kraja. Laseri ili laserski sistemi za oba procesa zahtevaju stabilizator spektra frekvencije za rad u dužim vremenskim periodima.
(375) 5.8. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi, oprema i komponente za upotrebu u postrojenjima za obogaćivanje separacijom plazme
(376) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(377) U procesu separacije plazme, plazma jona uranijuma prolazi kroz električno polje podešeno na rezonantnu frekvenciju jona U-235, tako da oni prvenstveno apsorbuju energiju i povećavaju prečnik svojih spiralnih putanja. Joni sa putanjom velikog prečnika se hvataju radi stvaranja proizvoda obogaćenog U-235. Plazma koja se dobija jonizacijom pare uranijuma, zadržava se u vakuumskoj komori pomoću veoma jakog magnetnog polja, koje stvara superprovodni magnet. Glavni tehnološki sistemi u procesu obuhvataju sistem za generisanje plazme uranijuma, modul separatora sa superprovodnim magnetom i sisteme za uklanjanje metala kod prikupljanja „proizvoda” i „ostataka”.
(378) 5.8.1. Mikrotalasni izvori energije i antene
(379) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni mikrotalasni izvori energije i antene za proizvodnju ili ubrzavanje jona koji imaju sledeće osobine: frekvenciju veću od 30 GHz i prosečnu izlaznu snagu veću od 50 kW kod proizvodnje jona.
(380) 5.8.2. Kalemi za pobudu jona
(381) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni radiofrekventni kalemi za pobudu jona za frekvencije iznad 100 kHz koji su sposobni za rad pri srednjoj snazi većoj od 40 kW.
(382) 5.8.3. Sistemi za generisanje plazme uranijuma
(383) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za generisanje plazme uranijuma, koji sadrže visoko energetske topove sa snopovima jednog opsega ili skenirajuće, sa snagom zračenja na meti većom od 2,5 kW/cm.
(384) 5.8.4. Sistemi za rukovanje tečnim metalnim uranijumom
(385) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za rukovanje tečnim metalima za rastopljeni uranijum ili legure uranijuma, koji se sastoje od tiglova i opreme za hlađenje tiglova.
(386) OBJAŠNJENJE
(387) Tiglovi i drugi delovi ovog sistema koji dolaze u kontakt sa rastopljenim uranijumom ili legurama uranijuma napravljeni su od materijala otpornih na koroziju i toplotu ili su zaštićeni tim materijalima. Odgovarajući materijali su tantal, grafit presvučen itrijumom, grafit presvučen drugim oksidima elemenata grupe retkih zemalja ili njihovim smešama.
(388) 5.8.5. Kolektorski sklopovi za „proizvod” i „ostatke” metalnog uranijuma
(389) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni kolektorski sklopovi za „proizvod” i „ostatke” metalnog uranijuma u čvrstom stanju. Ovi kolektorski sklopovi su napravljeni od materijala otpornih na toplotu i koroziju izazvanu parom uranijuma, kao što su grafit presvučen itrijumom ili tantal ili su zaštićeni tim materijalima.
(390) 5.8.6. Kućišta separatorskog modula
(391) Cilindrični sudovi posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za upotrebu u postrojenjima za obogaćivanje separacijom plazme, za smeštanje izvora plazme uranijuma, radiofrekventnih pogonskih kalemova i kolektora „proizvoda” i „ostataka”.
(392) OBJAŠNJENJE
(393) Ova kućišta imaju mnoštvo otvora za električne provodnike, priključke za difuzionu pumpu i dijagnostiku i nadzor instrumentacije. Imaju elemente za otvaranje i zatvaranje zbog sanacije unutrašnjih komponenti, a napravljeni su od odgovarajućeg nemagnetnog materijala kao što je nerđajući čelik.
(394) 5.9. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi, oprema i komponente za upotrebu u postrojenjima za elektromagnetno obogaćivanje
(395) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(396) U elektromegnetnom procesu, joni metalnog uranijuma koji su dobijeni jonizacijom uranijumove soli (obično UCl4) kao materijala za napajanje, ubrzavaju se i prolaze kroz magnetno polje što dovodi do toga da joni različitih izotopa imaju različite putanje. Glavne komponente elektromagnetnog separatora izotopa su: magnetno polje za skretanje jonskog snopa/separaciju izotopa u jonskom snopu, jonski izvor sa sistemom za ubrzanje i sistem sakupljanja izdvojenih jona. Pomoćni sistemi za proces obuhvataju sistem energetskog napajanja magneta, visokonaponski sistem napajanja jonskog izvora, vakuumski sistem i obimne sisteme za rukovanje hemikalijama za regeneraciju proizvoda i čišćenje/recikliranje komponenti.
(397) 5.9.1. Elektromagnetni separatori izotopa
(398) Elektromagnetni separatori izotopa posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za separaciju izotopa uranijuma, njihova oprema i komponente.
(399) (a) Jonski izvori
(400) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni jednostruki ili višestruki uranijumski jonski izvori koji se sastoje od izvora pare, jonizatora i akceleratora snopa, a napravljeni su od odgovarajućih materijala kao što je grafit, nerđajući čelik ili bakar, i mogu da obezbede ukupnu struju jonskog snopa od 50 mA ili veću.
(401) (b) Jonski kolektori
(402) Kolektorske ploče koje se sastoje od jednog ili više proreza i džepova posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za prikupljanje jonskih snopova obogaćenog i osiromašenog uranijuma, napravljene od odgovarajućih materijala kao što je grafit ili nerđajući čelik.
(403) (v) Vakuumska kućišta
(404) Posebno projektovana ili pripremljena vakuumska kućišta za elektromagnetne separatore uranijuma, napravljena od odgovarajućih nemagnetnih materijala kao što je nerđajući čelik, i projektovana tako da rade na pritiscima od 0.1 Pa ili nižim.
(405) OBJAŠNJENJE
(406) Kućišta su posebno projektovana za držanje jonskih izvora, kolektorskih poloča i vodom hlađenih obloga, a imaju mogućnost priključivanja difuzione pumpe, kao i otvor i poklopac koji služe za uklanjanje i ponovnu ugradnju ovih komponenti.
(407) (g) Delovi magnetnih polova
(408) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni delovi magnetnih polova prečnika većeg od 2 m koji se koriste za održavanje konstantnog magnetnog polja u elektromagnetnom separatoru izotopa i za prenos magnetnog polja između susednih separatora.
(409) 5.9.2. Izvori napajanja električnom energijom visokog napona
(410) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni izvori napajanja električnom energijom visokog napona za jonske izvore koji imaju sve sledeće karakteristike: sposobnost za kontinualan rad, izlazni napon od 20.000 V ili više, izlazna struja od 1 A ili više i regulacija napona bolja od 0,01% u periodu od osam sati.
(411) 5.9.3. Izvori napajanja magneta električnom energijom
(412) Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni izvori napajanja magneta električnom energijom koji imaju sve sledeće karakteristike: mogućnost kontinualnog rada pri izlaznim strujama od 500 A ili većim pri naponu od 100 V ili višem i sa regulacijom struje ili napona boljom od 0,01% u periodu od osam sati.
(413) 6. Postrojenja za proizvodnju teške vode, deuterijuma i jedinjenja deuterijuma i oprema posebno projektovana ili pripremljena u tu svrhu
(414) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(415) Teška voda se može proizvoditi korišćenjem različitih procesa. Međutim, dva procesa, koja su se pokazala komercijalno održiva, su proces izmene voda–vodonik sulfid (GS proces) i proces izmene amonijak–vodonik.
(416) GS proces se zasniva na izmeni vodonika i deuterijuma između vode i vodonik sulfida u nizu tornjeva koji rade u procesu sa hladnom sekcijom na vrhu i vrućom sekcijom na dnu. Voda teče niz tornjeve dok gasoviti vodonik sulfid cirkuliše od dna do vrha tornjeva. Za poboljšanje mešanja gasa i vode koristi se niz perforiranih ploča. Deuterijum odlazi u vodu pri niskim temperaturama i u vodonik sulfid pri visokim temperaturama. Gas ili voda, obogaćeni deuterijumom, odvode se iz tornjeva prve faze na spoju vruće i hladne sekcije, tako da se proces ponavlja u tornjevima naredne faze. Proizvod poslednje faze, voda obogaćena deuterijumom do 30%, šalje se u destilacionu jedinicu radi proizvodnje teške vode reaktorskog stepena kvaliteta, tj. 99,75% deuterijum oksida.
(417) U procesu izmene amonijak–vodonik može se ekstrahovati deuterijum iz sinteznog gasa preko kontakta sa tečnim amonijakom u prisustvu katalizatora. Sintezni gas se upušta u izmenjivačke tornjeve i u konvertor amonijaka. U tornjevima, gas struji od dna prema vrhu, dok tečni amonijak teče od vrha prema dnu. Deuterijum se izdvaja iz vodonika u sinteznom gasu i koncentriše u amonijaku. Amonijak zatim otiče u uređaj za razlaganje amonijaka na dnu tornja, dok gas otiče u konvertor amonijaka na vrhu. Dalje obogaćivanje se odvija u narednim fazama i tokom završne destilacije stvara se teška voda reaktorskog stepena kvaliteta. Napajanje sinteznim gasom može se obezbediti u postrojenju za proizvodnju amonijaka koje se može izgraditi zajedno sa postrojenjem za tešku vodu putem postupka izmene amonijak–vodonik. Postupak izmene amonijak–vodonik takođe koristi običnu vodu kao izvor napojne sirovine za deuterijum.
(418) Mnogi od ključnih stavki opreme u postrojenjima za proizvodnju teške vode pomoću GS procesa ili izmenom amonijak-vodonik su zajednički za više segmenata hemijske i naftne industrije. Ovo posebno važi za mala postrojenja koja koriste GS proces. Međutim, malo od tih stavki se može naći u slobodnoj prodaji. GS proces i proces izmene amonijak-vodonik zahtevaju rukovanje velikim količinama zapaljivih, korozivnih i toksičnih fluida na povišenim pritiscima. Prema tome, kod uspostavljanja projektnih i radnih standarda za postrojenja i opremu za ovakve procese, potrebno je posvetiti posebnu pažnju izboru materijala i specifikacijama, kako bi se obezbedio dug radni vek uz veliku sigurnost i pouzdanost. Izbor merila pre svega zavisi od ekonomičnosti i potreba. Zbog toga se većina stavki opreme priprema prema zahtevima kupca.
(419) Na kraju treba imati u vidu da i kod GS procesa i kod procesa izmene amonijak–vodonik, stavke opreme, koje pojedinačno nisu posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za proizvodnju teške vode, mogu biti ugrađene u sisteme koji su posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za proizvodnju teške vode. Sistem za proizvodnju katalizatora koji se koristi u procesu izmene amonijak–vodonik i sistemi za destilaciju vode koji se koriste za finalnu koncentraciju teške vode do reaktorskog stepena kvaliteta u oba procesa predstavljaju primere takvih sistema.
(420) Stavke opreme koje su posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za proizvodnju teške vode u kojima se koristi proces izmene voda–vodonik sulfid ili proces izmene amonijak–vodonik su sledeći:
(421) 6.1. Tornjevi za izmenu voda–vodonik sulfid
(422) Tornjevi za izmenu urađeni od finog ugljeničnog čelika (kao što je ASTM A516) prečnika od 6 m (20 ft) do 9 m (30 ft), sposobni za rad na pritiscima većim ili jednakim 2 MPa (300 psi) i sa dozvoljenom korozijom od 6 mm ili većom, posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za proizvodnju teške vode pomoću procesa izmene voda–vodonik sulfid.
(423) 6.2. Duvaljke i kompresori
(424) Jednostepene, centrifugalne duvaljke niskog pritiska (tj. 0,2 MPa ili 30 psi) ili kompresori za cirkulaciju gasa vodonik sulfida (tj. gasa koji sadrži više od 70% H2S) posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za proizvodnju teške vode pomoću procesa izmene voda–vodonik sulfid. Ove duvaljke ili kompresori imaju propusni kapacitet veći ili jednak 56 m3/s (120.000 SCFM) dok su usisni radni pritisci veći ili jednaki 1,8 MPa (260 psi), a imaju zaptivke projektovane za rad u vlažnoj atmosferi H2S.
(425) 6.3. Tornjevi za izmenu amonijak–vodonik
(426) Tornjevi za izmenu amonijak–vodonik visine veće ili jednake 35 m (114.3 ft) i prečnika od 1,5 m (4,9 ft) do 2,5 m (8,2 ft) sposobni za rad na pritiscima većim od 15 MPa (2225 psi), posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za proizvodnju teške vode pomoću procesa izmene amonijak–vodonik. Ovi tornjevi takođe imaju najmanje jedan aksijalni otvor sa prirubnicom istog prečnika kao i cilindrični deo kroz koji se mogu umetnuti ili izvući unutrašnji delovi tornja.
(427) 6.4. Unutrašnji delovi tornjeva i višestepene pumpe
(428) Unutrašnji delovi tornjeva i višestepene pumpe, posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za tornjeve za proizvodnju teške vode, korišćenjem procesa izmene amonijak–vodonik. Unutrašnji delovi tornjeva su posebno dizajnirani višestepeni kontaktori kojima se poboljšava bliski kontakt gas/tečnost. Višestepene pumpe obuhvataju posebno projektovane potopne pumpe za cirkulaciju tečnog amonijaka u unutrašnjosti stepenih kontaktora do stepenih tornjeva.
(429) 6.5. Uređaji za razlaganje amonijaka
(430) Uređaji za razlaganje amonijaka sa radnim pritiscima većim ili jednakim 3 MPa (450 psi), posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za proizvodnju teške vode korišćenjem procesa izmene amonijak–vodonik.
(431) 6.6. Infracrveni apsorpcioni analizatori
(432) Infracrveni apsorpcioni analizatori sposobni za onlajn analitičko određivanje odnosa vodonik/deuterijum pri koncentracijama deuterijuma većim ili jednakim 90%.
(433) 6.7. Katalitički plamenici
(434) Katalitički plamenici za konverziju obogaćenog gasa deuterijuma u tešku vodu, posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za proizvodnju teške vode korišćenjem procesa izmene amonijak–vodonik.
(435) 7. Postrojenja za konverziju uranijuma i oprema posebno projektovana ili pripremljena u tu svrhu
(436) UVODNA NAPOMENA
(437) Postrojenja i sistemi za konverziju uranijuma mogu vršiti jednu ili više transformacija iz jedne hemijske vrste uranijuma u drugu, uključujući: konverziju koncentrata rude uranijuma u UO3, konverziju UO3 u UO2, konverziju oksida uranijuma u UF4 ili UF6, konverziju UF4 u UF6, konverziju UF6 u UF4, konverziju UF4 u metalni uranijum i konverziju uranijum fluorida u UO2. Mnoge od ključnih stavki opreme za postrojenja za konverziju uranijuma zajedničke su za nekoliko segmenata hemijske procesne industrije. Na primer, vrste opreme koji se koriste u ovim procesima mogu biti: peći, rotacione peći, reaktori sa fluidiziranim slojem, reaktori sa plamenim tornjem, centrifuge za tečnost, destilacione kolone i kolone za ekstrakciju tečnost–tečnost. Međutim, malo od tih stavki se može naći u slobodnoj prodaji; većina se priprema prema zahtevima i specifikacijama kupca. U nekim slučajevima zahtevaju se posebna projektna i konstrukcijska rešenja kako bi se prevazišli problemi sa korozijom od nekih hemikalija kojima se rukuje (HF, F2, ClF3 i uranijum fluorid). Na kraju, treba imati u vidu da se u svim procesima konverzije uranijuma, stavke opreme koje pojedinačno nisu posebno projektovane ili pripremljene za konverziju uranijuma, mogu ugraditi u sisteme koji su posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni za konverziju uranijuma.
(438) 7.1. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za konverziju koncentrata rude uranijuma u UO3
(439) OBJAŠNJENJE
(440) Konverzija koncentrata rude uranijuma u UO3 može se sprovesti tako da se ruda najpre rastvori u azotnoj kiselini pa izdvoji čisti uranil nitrat korišćenjem rastvarača kao što je tributil fosfat. Sledeći korak je da se uranil nitrat konvertuje u UO3, bilo koncentracijom i denitracijom ili neutralizacijom sa gasovitim amonijakom, kako bi se dobio amonijum diuranat uz dodatno filtriranje, sušenje i kalcinisanje.
(441) 7.2. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za konverziju UO3 u UF6
(442) OBJAŠNJENJE
(443) Konverzija UO3 u UF6 može se izvršiti direktno fluorovanjem. Proces zahteva izvor gasa fluora ili hlor trifluorida.
(444) 7.3. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za konverziju UO3 u UO2
(445) OBJAŠNJENJE
(446) Konverzija UO3 u UO2 može se izvršiti redukovanjem UO3 sa razloženim gasom amonijaka ili vodonikom.
(447) 7.4. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za konverziju UO4 u UF4
(448) OBJAŠNJENJE
(449) Konverzija UO2 u UF4 može se izvršiti reagovanjem UO2 sa gasom vodonik fluorida (HF) na temperaturi od 300–500 ºC.
(450) 7.5. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za konverziju UF4 u UF6
(451) OBJAŠNJENJE
(452) Konverzija UF4 u UF6 vrši se pomoću egzotermičke reakcije sa fluorom u reaktoru tornja. UF6 se kondenzuje iz vrućih izlaznih gasova propuštanjem izlaznog toka kroz hladni trap ohlađen do temperature od –10 ºC. Proces zahteva izvor gasa fluora.
(453) 7.6. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za konverziju UF4 u metalni U
(454) OBJAŠNJENJE
(455) Konverzija UF4 u metalni U vrši se redukcijom sa magnezijumom (velike šarže) ili kalcijumom (male šarže). Reakcija se vrši na temperaturama iznad tačke topljenja uranijuma (1130 ºC).
(456) 7.7. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za konverziju UF6 u UO2
(457) OBJAŠNJENJE
(458) Konverzija UF6 u UO2 može se vršiti pomoću jednog od tri procesa. U prvom procesu, UF6 se redukuje i hidrolizuje u UO2 pomoću vodonika i pare. U drugom procesu, UF6 se hidrolizuje rastvaranjem u vodi, dodaje se amonijak kako bi se nataložio amonijumov diuranat i diuranat se redukuje u UO2 pomoću vodonika na temperaturi od 820 ºC. U trećem procesu, gasoviti UF6, CO2 i NH3 se mešaju u vodi taložeći amonijum uranil karbonat. Amonijum uranil karbonat se meša sa parom i vodonikom na temperaturi od 500–600 ºC da bi se dobio UO2.
(459) Konverzija UF6 u UO2 često se vrši kao prva faza u postrojenju za proizvodnju goriva.
(460) 7.8. Posebno projektovani ili pripremljeni sistemi za konverziju UF6 u UF4
(461) OBJAŠNJENJE
(462) Konverzija UF6 u UF4 vrši se redukcijom pomoću vodonika.